施粪对典型草原温室气体排放的影响

刘月; 念慧文; 侯扶江

doi:10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2019-0493

施粪对典型草原温室气体排放的影响

兰州大学草地农业生态系统国家重点实验室 / 兰州大学农业农村部草牧业创新重点实验室 /兰州大学草地农业科技学院，甘肃兰州 730020

基金项目: 973国家重点基础研究计划课题(2014CB138706)；甘肃省科技重大专项计划项目(18ZD2FA009)；长江学者和创新团队发展计划项目(IRT-17R50)

摘要: 研究以陇东典型草原为对象，采用静态箱–气象色谱分析法测定典型草原滩羊放牧生态系统在施粪7、14、21 d和不同温度下CO₂、CH₄和N₂O气体通量，分析了施粪后时间和温度对3种主要温室气体通量的影响。主要结果如下：1)施粪具有抑制典型草原3种主要温室气体通量趋势，温室气体通量随施粪后时间的延长而下降。施粪后草原CH₄吸收通量减少；CO₂和N₂O的排放通量先增加，但是21 d后低于对照组。2)除对照组CO₂排放通量与土壤温度呈正相关关系外，土壤温度与施粪组的对照组的CH₄吸收量、N₂O排放量，施粪组的CO₂排放量呈负相关关系。

关键词:

土壤 /
放牧 /
CH₄ /
CO₂ /
N₂O

English

Effects of excrement application on greenhouse gas emissions in a typical steppe

State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems / Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock industry innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, Gansu, China

Received Date: 2019-09-24
Accepted Date: 2020-02-18
Available Online: 2020-05-31
Publish Date: 2020-05-31

Abstract: An excrement application experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of excrement application time and temperature on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in a typical by measuring CH₄, CO₂ and N₂O at 7, 14 and 21 days and different temperature using the chamber-gas chromatography method.This study indicated following results: 1) The excrement application decreased the GHG flux in a typical steppe, which also decreased with the application time. Additionally, the excrement application decreased the absorption for CH₄, which was lower than that of control. Emission for CO₂ and N₂O increased, and then decreased to lower than the control by 21 days later. 2) In addition to the positive correlation between CO₂ emission and soil temperature of control, a negative correlation was found for the soil temperature with the CH₄ absorption and N₂O/CO₂ emission in the excrement application and control groups.

Keywords:

soil /
grazing /
CH₄ /
CO₂ /
N₂O

HTML全文

全球气候变化影响着人类社会可持续发展^[1]。联合国组织食物与农业组织(FAO)指出，畜牧业产生的温室气体约占全球排放总量的18%，而且随着人类对奶类和肉类产品的需求的上升而增加，超过了交通运输排放的温室气体^[2]。草原是面积最大的陆地生态系统，主要通过放牧管理，因此草原–家畜系统的温室气体排放是全球家畜系统温室气体排放的重要来源，主要包括：草原土壤排放温室气体^[3-4]；家畜肠道发酵排放CH₄，反刍家畜肠道发酵产生的CH₄约占全部动物CH₄总产量的95%^[5-6]；粪便管理过程中排放的CH₄和N₂O，在家畜粪便放置过程中产生的温室气体，未被利用的部分排放到大气中^[7]。家畜排泄物管理过程中排放的CH₄和N₂O分别占我国农业源CH₄和N₂O排放的11.4%和28.7%^[8]。

国内外报道了牛和羊的粪便对土壤温室气体排放的影响，粪便的质量和数量共同影响着草原温室气体的排放。家畜的粪便增加了土壤总氮含量，也增加了土壤中N₂O和CH₄的排放^[9-13]。牛和羊粪便对草原温室气体排放的影响受草原类型、季节和土壤水分的共同影响^[14-16]。在黄土高原，羊粪和猪粪系统中CH₄、CO₂和N₂O排量之间相关性显著，可以互相预测排放量^[14]。目前，关于家畜排泄物对温室气体排放研究侧重于堆放家畜粪便、作物秸秆、土等材料和翻堆频率、外加化学物质、通风情况等条件^[17-19]，关于放牧家畜对草原温室气体排放的研究较少。放牧作为草原的主要管理方式之一，其过程中放牧家畜粪便对草原温室气体产生的影响需要探究。本研究以黄土高原温带典型草原为研究对象，就施加放牧滩羊粪便对草原CH₄、CO₂和N₂O通量特征的影响进行初步分析，以期为放牧草原温室气体减排提供科学依据。

1. 材料与方法

1.1 研究区概况

位于兰州大学环县草地农业试验站(37°72' N，106°49' E，海拔1 650 m)，地处黄土高原丘陵沟壑区，被确定为农牧交错带，年均温7.1 ℃，≥ 0 ℃年积温3 097.2 ℃·d，无霜期123 d，年均日照率大于60%，多年平均日照时数为2 766.4 h。年均降水量359.3 mm，60%以上的降水集中在7月至9月，降水年际变幅45%～100%，年均蒸发量1 993.3 mm，属典型大陆性季风气候。湿润度k值约为1.16^[17]，属于微温、微干温带典型草原类，主要植物有长芒草(Stipa bungeana)、达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)、茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaris)等。草原3月中下旬返青，6月 – 8月为植被生长旺盛期，9月开始枯黄。土壤为黄绵土。滩羊是主要放牧家畜。

1.2 试验方法

2001年，建立滩羊轮牧试验系统，运行至今。夏季放牧地，滩羊每年6月中上旬开始放牧，9月中上旬结束放牧，每小区放牧周期30 d，放牧期10 d。2015年，在放牧小区地形和植被较为一致的地段完全随机设置3个40 cm×40 cm的成对样点^[19]，每个样点放置2个静态箱。其中一个样点于8月5日施入2 kg滩羊粪（干物质为1.76 kg），另一个作为对照。羊粪来自该小区放牧的滩羊。静态箱由底座和箱体两部分组成，测定时提前1 d将底座嵌入土壤约5 cm，在底座水槽中注入水以密封箱体和底座；箱体顶端装有1个5 V风扇，用于箱体关闭后混合箱内气体。采集气体时使用60 mL注射器，经三通阀将箱体内气体转移至500 mL铝箔采样气袋(中国大连德林气体包装有限公司)后带回实验室分析。施粪后7、14、21 d采集样框内温室气体，一次取样过程收集4个气袋，每次间隔10 min，即在关闭箱体后0、10、20和30 min时分别取样。并同步记录箱体内温度和箱内5 cm地表温度。每次样品采集于当地时间09:00 – 11:00完成，代表每天的平均排放通量^[20]。采集结束后，带回实验室，采用静态箱法–LGR温室气体分析仪测定^[21]，计算出CO₂、CH₄和N₂O的气体交换速率。

气体通量计算公式^[22]:

$\begin{aligned} \!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!F = &\dfrac{{\Delta {{m}}}}{{{{A}} \times \Delta {{t}}}} \\ =&\dfrac{{{{{m}}_1} - {{{m}}_2}}}{{{{A}} \times \Delta {{t}}}} \\ = &\dfrac{{{{{C}}_2} \times {{V}} \times {{{M}}_0} \times \frac{{273}}{{273 + {{{T}}_2}}} - {{{C}}_1} \times {{V}} \times {{{M}}_0} \times \frac{{273}}{{273 + {{{T}}_1}}}}}{{{{A}} \times \left( {{{{t}}_1} - {{{t}}_2}} \right) \times 22.4 \times {{10}^{ - 3}}}} \times 1\;000{\text{。}} \end{aligned} $

式中：F为t时刻温室气体排放通量[mg·(m²·h)^–1]，正值代表土壤排放该种气体，表现为该气体源；负值代表土壤吸收该种气体，表现为该气体汇；A为取样箱的底面积(m²)；V为取样箱体积(m³)；m₁和m₂分别为测定箱关闭值和开启前箱内某温室气体的质量(g)；t₁和t₂分别为测定箱关闭前和开启前的时间；C₁和C₂分别为测定箱关闭前和开启前的体积百分比浓度；T₁和T₂分别为测定箱关闭前和开启前箱内温度(℃)；M₀表示某种温室气体的摩尔质量(g·mol^–1)。

1.3 数据统计与分析

数据分析使用SPSS 23.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)完成，采用一般线性模型对温室气体通量和施粪以及土壤温度间进行相关性分析，采用T检验分析不同土壤温度下土壤温室气体通量的差异。绘图采用Sigmaplot14.0软件。

2. 结果

2.1 施粪对草原CH₄、CO₂和N₂O的通量影响

施粪后草地CH₄吸收量减少(图1)。施粪后7、14和21 d，施粪组CH₄吸收量分别低于对照组23.6%、35.2%和86.2%，其中7 d时施粪组CH₄吸收量和对照组无明显差异，而14和21 d时施粪组CH₄吸收量显著低于对照组(P < 0.05)。施粪后草地CO₂的排放量先增加后减少。施粪后7和14 d，施粪组CO₂排放量分别高于对照组138.5%和8.8%，其中仅7 d时施粪组CO₂排放量极显著高于对照组(P < 0.001)，施粪后21 d施粪组的CO₂排放量极显著低于施粪组62.2% (P < 0.01)。施粪后草地N₂O的排放量先增加后减少。施粪后7和14 d施粪组草地N₂O排放量分别高于对照组7.6%和33.9% (P < 0.05)，施粪后21 d施粪组的N₂O排放量低于对照组18.7% (P < 0.01)。

图 1 施粪对温室气体通量的影响

E+为施粪；E–为对照(不施粪)。T代表不同施粪处理，D代表施粪后天数，T×D代表不同施粪处理与施粪后天数间的互作。*代表相同施粪天数下施粪与对照(不施粪)间差异显著，*、**和***分别表示P < 0.05、P < 0.01和P < 0.001。下同。

Figure 1. Effects of excrement application on the GHG flux

E+ indicate the excrement application; E– indicate control with no excrement application; T indicate the different excrement applications; D shows the number of days after excrement application; and T×D shows the interaction between different excrement applications and days after excrement application; *, **, and *** indicate significant difference between excrement application and control on the same days after excrement application at 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 levels, respectively; this is applicable for the following figures as well.

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2.2 CH₄、CO₂、N₂O通量随土壤温度的变化规律

在土壤温度16～26 ℃范围内(图2)，施粪组和对照组的草原CH₄吸收量均与土壤温度负相关(E+ = –0.001，T = 0.011 4，R² = 0.887 1；E– = –0.002，T = 0.031 1，R² = 0.762 3)；施粪组草原CO₂排放量与土壤温度负相关(E+ = –0.329 9，T = 11.898，R² = 0.689 1)，对照组草原CO₂排放量与土壤温度正相关(E– = 1.307 6，T = 21.361，R² = 0.824 5)；施粪组和对照组的草原N₂O的排放量均与土壤温度负相关(E+ = 0.005，T = 0.002 3，R² = 0.772 1；E– = –0.000 2，T = 0.003 9，R² = 0.827 6)。

图 2 温室气体通量随土壤温度的变化

粗实线代表施粪处理下GHG通量随土壤温度的变化，细实线为其置信区间；粗虚线代表不施粪处理下GHG通量随土壤温度的变化，细虚线为其置信区间。

Figure 2. Changes in the GHG flux with the soil temperature

The wide and solid lines show the changes in the GHG flux with the soil temperature under excrement application, the thin solid lines show the associated confidence interval, the wide dotted lines show the changes in the GHG flux with the soil temperature under no excrement application, and the thin dotted lines show the associated confidence interval.

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相关性分析表明(图3)，土壤温度与施粪组N₂O排放量(P < 0.01)、CH₄(P < 0.05)吸收量和CO₂排放量(P < 0.05)显著负相关。土壤温度与对照组CH₄吸收量(P < 0.05)和N₂O排放量(P < 0.05)显著负相关，与对照组CO₂排放量正相关，但不显著。施粪后天数对3种草原温室气体通量的影响与土壤温度对其影响一致。

图 3 影响温室气体各因素间相关性分析

CO₂、N₂O、CH₄分别代表各自气体通量。数字代表各因素间相关系数，*和**分别表示显著(P < 0.05)和极显著(P < 0.01)相关。实线代表施粪组各因素间相关关系，虚线代表对照组各因素间相关关系。

Figure 3. Correlation analysis of factors affecting GHG

CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄show each of their fluxes; numbers show the correlation coefficient among factors; * and ** indicate significant correlationship at 0.05 and 0.01 leves, respectively; solid lines indicate the correlations among the factors under excrement application; and dotted lines indicate correlations among factors under no excrement application.

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3. 讨论与结论

家畜排泄物对草原温室气体排放的作用表现出明显的时间动态。随着施粪后时间的延长，3种草原温室气体通量均呈下降趋势，可能是由于施粪对土壤有机质的影响。土壤有机质一方面为土壤微生物提供能源，影响着微生物硝化、硝化过程产生N₂O和微生物厌氧发酵过程产生过CH₄；另一方面，微生物分解有机质释放CO₂^[23]。所以施粪短时间内由于有机质的增加，草原温室气体通量增加，而随着有机质被分解，草原温室气体通量也降低。施粪增加了土壤含水量^[24]，在一定范围内，主要草原温室气体通量随土壤含水量的增加而降低，且粪斑覆盖会增加土壤温度^[25]，抑制草原温室气体排放。草原CO₂和N₂O的排放量在施粪后21 d时施粪组低于对照组，而草原CH₄的吸收量在施粪后7 d时施粪组低于对照组。可能是由于每种草原温室气体的排放源不同，施粪对草原温室气体排放产生抑制作用的时间不同，总体来看随着施粪后时间的延长而增加。由于温室气体的排放或吸收通量受土壤温度、土壤水分和处理时间等外界环境因素的综合影响，在寻找可以降低滩羊放牧系统温室气体排放量的时候可以采取一些针对性的措施，比如减少堆肥，改为施粪，既可减少草原温室气体的排放，又能提高牧草品质。

本研究的观测时间较短，不能充分说明施粪对于草原温室气体的长期作用。未与土壤水分和理化性质相联系，难以全面理解滩羊粪对草原主要温室气体的影响。综合世界其他地区的相关研究，全面理解动物排泄物、地理位置、降水和温度等因素草原温室气体排放的影响(表1)。

表 1 不同草原类型施粪对土壤温室气体排放影响

Table 1. Effects of excrement on the soil GHG in different grassland types

草原 Grassland type	地点　　 Application	经纬度 Longitude and latitude	海拔 Altitude/m	年均温 Mean annual temperature/℃	年降水量 Annual precipitation/mm	土壤温室气体排放 Soil GHG flux/[mg·(m²·h)^–1]				参考文献 Reference
草原 Grassland type	地点　　 Application	经纬度 Longitude and latitude	海拔 Altitude/m	年均温 Mean annual temperature/℃	年降水量 Annual precipitation/mm	CH₄	CO₂	N₂O	方法 Method	参考文献 Reference
荒漠 Desert	宁夏沙坡头 Shapotou, Ningxia	37°32' N，105°18' E	132 5	9.6	187	– 0.005	50.30	– 0.003	静态箱法 Static chamber	[26]
荒漠草原 Desert steppe	内蒙古达茂旗 Damao Banner, Inner Mongolia	41°47' N，111°53' E	170 0	2.5	282	–0.10	873.48	–	静态箱法 Static chamber	[27]
典型草原 Typical steppe	甘肃环县 Huan County, Gansu	37°72' N，106°49' E	165 0	7.1	359	–0.15	164 1.25	0.07	静态箱法 Static chamber	本文 This paper
典型草原 Typical steppe	内蒙古太仆寺旗 Taipusi Banner, Inner Mongolia	41°35' N，114°51' E	145 0	1.6	400	–	–	0.12	静态箱法 Static chamber	[28]
草甸草原 Meadow steppe	内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗 East Ujimqin Banner, Inner Mongolia	45°43' N，108°30′E	841	–0.9	342	– 0.03	240.32	0.002	静态箱法 Static chamber	[29]
草甸草原 Meadow steppe	西藏当雄县 Dangxiong County, Tibet	30°46' N，90°59' E	473 0	– 0.6	415	0.31	519.60	0.02	静态箱–气相色谱法 Static chamber-gas chromatography	[30]
高寒草甸 Alpine meadow	青海门源县 Menyuan County, Qinghai	37°37' N，101°19' E	320 0	– 1.7	580	0.18	896.04	0.04	静态箱法 Static chamber	[31]
高寒草原 Alpine steppe	西藏申扎县 Shenzha County, Tibet	30°57' N，88°42' E	467 5	0.0	300	– 0.02	–	–	静态箱–气相色谱法 Static chamber-gas chromatography	[32]
高寒灌丛 Alpine shrub	青海门源县 Menyuan County, Qinghai	37°37' N，101°19' E	328 0	– 1.7	618	– 0.04	754.10	0.05	静态箱法 Static chamber	[33]
矮草草原 Shortgrass steppe	美国科罗拉多 Colorado, UAS	40°50' N，104°42' W	165 0	10.5	320	– 0.03	56.00	0.002	静态箱法 Static chamber	[34]
热带草原 Tropical steppe	巴西圣保罗 Sao Paulo, Brazil	21°15' S，48°18' W	959	22.3	1 424	– 0.20	885.00	0.39	静态箱法 Static chamber	[35]
亚热带草原 Subtropical steppe	澳大利亚昆士兰 Queensland, Australia	17°01' S，145°24' W	433	20.0	1 110	–	820.83	21.25	静态箱法 Static chamber	[36]
热带草原 Tropical steppe	捷克博罗瓦 Borova, Czech	48°52' N，14°13' E	585	7.0	650	–	83.80	24.40	静态箱法 Static chamber	[12]
热带稀树草原 Tropical savanna	美国科罗拉多 Colorado,USA	40°50' N，104°42' E	1 650	8.6	341	0.04~0.33	–	3.50~4.90	静态箱法 Static chamber	[37]
稀树草原 Savanna	刚果奎卢 Kouilou, Congo	4°17' S，11°39' W	1 200	25.0	82	– 0.02	–	0.001	静态箱法 Static chamber	[38]
温带草原 Temperate steppe	英国德文郡 Devon, UK	50°46' N，3°54' W	414	9.6	1 056	0.27	406.16	0.69	静态箱法 Static chamber	[39]

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施粪抑制了内蒙古荒漠草原对土壤CH₄吸收，与本研究结果相同；牛、羊放牧增加了CH₄通量，减少了CO₂通量。增加氮沉降增加了内蒙古典型草原N₂O的排放量。在内蒙古草甸草原，土壤湿度与CH₄通量负相关，与CO₂正相关。在西藏的高寒草原、高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸生态系统中，CH₄、CO₂和N₂O的排放量均在6月 –8月达到最大；高寒草原和高寒草甸的CO₂通量低于沼泽化草甸；高寒草原在雨季CH₄吸收量减少，高寒草甸在7月CH₄吸收量减少，但沼泽化草甸在雨季CH₄吸收量增加。粪斑覆盖使得青海省高寒草甸的土壤温室气体通量增加。牦牛粪增加了西藏高寒草原与湿地生态系统的CH₄排放量，而绵羊粪降低了CH₄吸收量。青海高寒灌丛系统的温室气体通量高于天然草甸和垂穗披碱草(Elymus mutans)栽培草地。美国矮草草原的N₂O通量和植物生物量呈负相关。在巴西热带草原，雨季的CO₂排放量最高，N₂O通量呈季节性变化，且在降雨和施肥后增加。矿物质肥料和牛排泄物的添加均增加了英格兰温带草原CO₂通量和N₂O通量，减少了CH₄通量。综上所述，草原温室气体通量受海拔、降水、温度等因素共同影响，应在以上研究基础上继续加强研究探讨。

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图 1 施粪对温室气体通量的影响

Figure 1. Effects of excrement application on the GHG flux

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图 2 温室气体通量随土壤温度的变化

粗实线代表施粪处理下GHG通量随土壤温度的变化，细实线为其置信区间；粗虚线代表不施粪处理下GHG通量随土壤温度的变化，细虚线为其置信区间。

Figure 2. Changes in the GHG flux with the soil temperature

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图 3 影响温室气体各因素间相关性分析

Figure 3. Correlation analysis of factors affecting GHG

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表 1 不同草原类型施粪对土壤温室气体排放影响

Table 1 Effects of excrement on the soil GHG in different grassland types

草原 Grassland type	地点　　 Application	经纬度 Longitude and latitude	海拔 Altitude/m	年均温 Mean annual temperature/℃	年降水量 Annual precipitation/mm	土壤温室气体排放 Soil GHG flux/[mg·(m²·h)^–1]				参考文献 Reference
草原 Grassland type	地点　　 Application	经纬度 Longitude and latitude	海拔 Altitude/m	年均温 Mean annual temperature/℃	年降水量 Annual precipitation/mm	CH₄	CO₂	N₂O	方法 Method	参考文献 Reference
荒漠 Desert	宁夏沙坡头 Shapotou, Ningxia	37°32' N，105°18' E	132 5	9.6	187	– 0.005	50.30	– 0.003	静态箱法 Static chamber	[26]
荒漠草原 Desert steppe	内蒙古达茂旗 Damao Banner, Inner Mongolia	41°47' N，111°53' E	170 0	2.5	282	–0.10	873.48	–	静态箱法 Static chamber	[27]
典型草原 Typical steppe	甘肃环县 Huan County, Gansu	37°72' N，106°49' E	165 0	7.1	359	–0.15	164 1.25	0.07	静态箱法 Static chamber	本文 This paper
典型草原 Typical steppe	内蒙古太仆寺旗 Taipusi Banner, Inner Mongolia	41°35' N，114°51' E	145 0	1.6	400	–	–	0.12	静态箱法 Static chamber	[28]
草甸草原 Meadow steppe	内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗 East Ujimqin Banner, Inner Mongolia	45°43' N，108°30′E	841	–0.9	342	– 0.03	240.32	0.002	静态箱法 Static chamber	[29]
草甸草原 Meadow steppe	西藏当雄县 Dangxiong County, Tibet	30°46' N，90°59' E	473 0	– 0.6	415	0.31	519.60	0.02	静态箱–气相色谱法 Static chamber-gas chromatography	[30]
高寒草甸 Alpine meadow	青海门源县 Menyuan County, Qinghai	37°37' N，101°19' E	320 0	– 1.7	580	0.18	896.04	0.04	静态箱法 Static chamber	[31]
高寒草原 Alpine steppe	西藏申扎县 Shenzha County, Tibet	30°57' N，88°42' E	467 5	0.0	300	– 0.02	–	–	静态箱–气相色谱法 Static chamber-gas chromatography	[32]
高寒灌丛 Alpine shrub	青海门源县 Menyuan County, Qinghai	37°37' N，101°19' E	328 0	– 1.7	618	– 0.04	754.10	0.05	静态箱法 Static chamber	[33]
矮草草原 Shortgrass steppe	美国科罗拉多 Colorado, UAS	40°50' N，104°42' W	165 0	10.5	320	– 0.03	56.00	0.002	静态箱法 Static chamber	[34]
热带草原 Tropical steppe	巴西圣保罗 Sao Paulo, Brazil	21°15' S，48°18' W	959	22.3	1 424	– 0.20	885.00	0.39	静态箱法 Static chamber	[35]
亚热带草原 Subtropical steppe	澳大利亚昆士兰 Queensland, Australia	17°01' S，145°24' W	433	20.0	1 110	–	820.83	21.25	静态箱法 Static chamber	[36]
热带草原 Tropical steppe	捷克博罗瓦 Borova, Czech	48°52' N，14°13' E	585	7.0	650	–	83.80	24.40	静态箱法 Static chamber	[12]
热带稀树草原 Tropical savanna	美国科罗拉多 Colorado,USA	40°50' N，104°42' E	1 650	8.6	341	0.04~0.33	–	3.50~4.90	静态箱法 Static chamber	[37]
稀树草原 Savanna	刚果奎卢 Kouilou, Congo	4°17' S，11°39' W	1 200	25.0	82	– 0.02	–	0.001	静态箱法 Static chamber	[38]
温带草原 Temperate steppe	英国德文郡 Devon, UK	50°46' N，3°54' W	414	9.6	1 056	0.27	406.16	0.69	静态箱法 Static chamber	[39]

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参考文献(39)

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期刊类型引用(1)

张青松，李佳秀，陈有超，杜子银. 冻融与氮输入对草地土壤氮转化和氧化亚氮排放的影响. 草业科学. 2023(06): 1472-1486 .

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1. 材料与方法
1.1 研究区概况
1.2 试验方法
1.3 数据统计与分析
2. 结果
2.1 施粪对草原CH4、CO2和N2O的通量影响
2.2 CH4、CO2、N2O通量随土壤温度的变化规律
3. 讨论与结论
参考文献

施粪对典型草原温室气体排放的影响

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