不同肉牛品种(杂交组合)背最长肌肉质特征
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随着经济发展和生活水平的提高,人们对牛肉的需求量越来越大,对牛肉品质的要求也越来越高。日本和牛是生产高端雪花牛肉的优良肉牛品种之一,其牛肉最大的特点是大理石花纹明显、鲜嫩多汁[1-2]。西门塔尔牛是我国从瑞士引进的杂交改良品种,其肉色鲜红、营养价值高 [3],虽然不适合开展高档牛肉的生产,但在我国西部地区,是饲养量最大的肉牛品种。平凉红牛是由平凉当地黄牛(早胜牛)与南德温牛等品种杂交形成的,具有耐粗饲、口感好、风味佳、大理石花纹明显的特点[4]。关于平凉红牛、杂交和牛以及西门塔尔牛肉品质方面的报道较多,但对于这3个不同肉牛品种(杂交组合)的肉品质比较尚未见报道。因此,本研究测定并分析了其肉品质、营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成等特征,以期为生产高档牛肉的肉牛品种选择提供参考。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 试验动物
在平凉市肉牛育肥场选择饲养管理水平相同、体况相近的杂交和牛(和牛♂ × 早胜牛♀)、平凉红牛(南德温牛♂ × 早胜牛♀)和西门塔尔牛的阉牛各6头,根据美国国家科学研究委员会(National Research Council, NRC) 2016年发布的肉牛营养标准设置各组饲粮组成及营养水平(表1)。禁食禁水24 h后屠宰,每头牛取背最长肌约500 g,分两份,一份中的一半用于现场测定肉品质指标,另一半置于4 ℃排酸间排酸24 h后测定肉色、pH、大理石花纹;另一份中取一部分置于冰袋中带回实验室,−20 ℃保存待测营养成分,另一部分置于液氮中带回实验室,−80 ℃保存待测脂肪酸和氨基酸组成。
表 1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1. Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (dry matter basis)项目
Item体重阶段 Weight stage/kg 150~249 250~349 350~449 450~出栏 Slaughter 原料 Ingredient 蒸汽压片玉米 Steam-flaked corn/% 18.00 21.84 40.00 61.00 蒸汽压片小麦 Steam-flaked wheat/% 5.67 4.00 5.59 2.00 蒸汽压片大麦 Steam-flaked barley/% 6.00 4.00 3.61 2.00 蒸汽压片黑豆 Steam-flaked black beans/% 4.00 4.77 8.00 4.72 玉米胚芽粕 Corn germ meal/% 6.00 4.82 2.00 6.00 玉米干酒糟及其可溶物 Dried distillers grains with solubles /% 13.06 16.00 3.19 3.00 碳酸氢钠 NaHCO3/% 0.50 0.67 0.74 0.94 食盐 NaCl/% 0.50 0.67 0.74 0.94 石粉 Limestone/% 0.50 0.90 0.63 0.50 预混料 Premix1)/% 1.00 1.33 1.34 1.90 玉米黄贮 Corn stalk silage/% 44.75 41.00 34.00 17.00 合计 Tatal 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 营养水平 Nutrient level2) 粗蛋白质 Crude protein, CP/% 14.00 12.60 11.30 10.09 总可消化养分 Total digestible nutrients, TDN/% 76.13 75.15 73.99 77.87 维持净能 Net energy for maintenance, Nem/(MJ·kg−1) 4.53 6.29 7.75 8.58 增重净能 Net energy for gain, Neg/(MJ·kg−1) 3.70 4.70 5.13 5.88 钙 Calcium, Ca/% 0.53 0.40 0.36 0.27 磷 Phosphorus, P/% 0.30 0.39 0.31 0.29 中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber, NDF/% 31.21 29.31 22.63 15.87 酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber, ADF/% 17.96 16.02 12.90 7.87 1)每千克预混料中含有:VA 900 IU,VD 150 IU,VE 25 IU,Cu 10 mg,Fe 80 mg,Mn 20 mg,Zn 40 mg,I 1.0 mg,Se 0.60 mg。2)维持净能和增重净能基于NRC (2003)进行计算,其余为实测值。
1) Each kilogram of premix contained: VA 900 IU, VD 150 IU, VE 25 IU, Cu 10 mg, Fe 80 mg, Mn 20 mg, Zn 40 mg, I 1.0 mg, Se 0.60 mg. 2) Nem and Neg were calculated according to the National Research Council guidelines (NRC, 2003), while the others were measured values.1.2 测定指标和方法
1.2.1 肉品质的测定
大理石花纹:在屠宰后的45 min和24 h,用澳大利亚AUS-MEAT牛肉大理石纹比色卡对肉样进行对比评分,并记录数据[5]。
肉色:选取肉样后,使用CR-10色差仪测定肉样的亮度(L*)、红度(a*)、黄度(b*),对肉样进行5次平行测定,取用平均值[6]。
失水率:选取2.5 cm × 2 cm × 1 cm规格的肉样,称重(M1)后用两层纱布包裹好,放在18层滤纸中间,用压力仪设定35 kg的压力,压力值恒定后保持5 min,取出称重(M2),失水率 = (M1 − M2)/ M1 × 100% [7]。
pH:分别在屠宰后的45 min和24 h检测,先对pH计进行三点校准,再对肉样进行3次平行测定[8]。
熟肉率:选取200 g左右的肉样称重(W1),然后将肉样放在装有沸水的铝锅蒸屉上,用2 000 W的电磁炉蒸煮45 min,取出后自然冷却30~45 min,再次称重(W2),熟肉率 = W1 / W2 × 100% [9]。
剪切力:将肉样蒸煮后擦去多余水分称重,用直径1.27 cm的空心取样器在肉样上顺着肌纤维方向钻取5次取样(注意避开肉筋),随后用嫩度计测定所取肉样的剪切力[10]。
蒸煮损失:选取约150 g的肉样,去除表面多余脂肪和筋膜,称重后记作X1,中心插入探针式温度计,装入自封袋放入80 ℃水浴锅中,待温度计显示达到70 ℃时取出,用滤纸擦干多余水分,待冷却至室温,称重记作X2,蒸煮损失 = (X1 − X2)/X1 × 100% [11]。
滴水损失:切取10 g左右肉样,称重记作Q1,挂在0~4 ℃密闭环境中(避免空气流动的影响) 24 h,取出后,称重记作Q2,滴水损失 = (Q1− Q2)/Q1 × 100% [12]。
1.2.2 营养物质的测定
干物质(dry matter, DM)含量:选取5 g左右的肉样称重并记作Z1,将肉样放入称量瓶中置于 105 ℃烘箱中烘干至恒重,然后放在干燥器中冷却至室温,称重记作Z2。干物质含量 = Z2 / Z1 × 100%。
粗脂肪(ether extract, EE)含量:参照GB/T 5009.6-2003《食品中粗脂肪的测定》来测定[13]。
粗蛋白质(crude protein, CP)含量:参照GB/T 5009.5-2010《食品中蛋白质的测定》来测定[14]。
粗灰分(Ash)含量:参照GB/T 9695.18-2008《肉与肉制品 总灰分测定》来测定[15]。
1.2.3 氨基酸的测定
用RIGOL-L3000高效液相色谱仪参照GB/T 5009.124-2016《食品中氨基酸的测定》来测定[16]。
1.2.4 脂肪酸的测定
用岛津气相色谱GC-2010 plus参照GB/T 22223-2008《食品中总脂肪、饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸和脂肪酸》来测定[17]。
1.3 数据处理与统计分析
采用Excel 2010处理试验数据,采用SPSS 25.0软件中的单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)检测组间差异显著性,差异显著时,用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,P < 0.05表示差异显著。采用SPSS 25.0软件中的独立样本T检验,分析排酸处理对肉色、pH和大理石花纹评分的差异显著性,P < 0.05为差异显著,具有统计学意义。
2. 结果与分析
2.1 肉品质特征分析
杂交和牛组的失水率及熟肉率显著高于平凉红牛组和西门塔尔牛组(P < 0.05),杂交和牛组和平凉红牛组的滴水损失、红度24 h和大理石花纹评分24 h高于西门塔尔牛组(P < 0.05) (表2)。3组之间的蒸煮损失和嫩度存在显著差异(P < 0.05),其中西门塔尔牛组最高,杂交和牛组最低。经过24 h排酸处理后,各组肉色指标(L*、a*和b*)显著上升(P < 0.05),pH显著降低(P < 0.05),大理石花纹评分有上升趋势但差异并不显著(P > 0.05)。
表 2 背最长肌肉品质差异分析Table 2. Analysis of meat quality indicators of longissimus dorsi muscle指标
Item杂交和牛
Hybrid Wagyu cattle平凉红牛
Pingliang Red cattle西门塔尔牛
Simmental cattleP 失水率 Water loss rate/% 6.90 ± 1.19a 5.29 ± 1.39b 4.69 ± 1.67b < 0.001 熟肉率 Cooked meat rate/% 74.22 ± 2.22a 65.35 ± 2.64b 62.15 ± 2.45b < 0.001 蒸煮损失 Cooking loss/% 12.81 ± 1.67c 17.80 ± 2.17b 19.96 ± 1.38a < 0.001 滴水损失 Drip loss/% 4.81 ± 1.39a 5.29 ± 1.25a 2.08 ± 0.79b < 0.001 肉色
Flesh-colored亮度 Brightness (L*45 min) 30.39 ± 2.20a 27.44 ± 2.56b 26.66 ± 1.26c 0.010 红度 Redness (a*45 min) 11.07 ± 2.38 10.18 ± 1.21 9.76 ± 1.21 0.420 黄度 Yellowness (b*45 min) 8.03 ± 1.72ab 7.37 ± 0.47b 9.20 ± 1.41a 0.060 亮度 Brightness (L*24 h) 33.37 ± 2.02* 33.12 ± 2.02* 31.27 ± 2.62* 0.310 红度 Redness (a*24 h) 13.17 ± 1.18a* 13.67 ± 1.25a* 10.15 ± 1.16b < 0.001 黄度 Yellowness (b*24 h) 10.55 ± 1.38* 10.47 ± 1.20* 10.38 ± 1.07* 0.970 pH 45 min 6.12 ± 0.17* 6.21 ± 0.06* 6.30 ± 0.18* 0.150 24 h 5.46 ± 1.11 5.56 ± 0.08 5.60 ± 0.13 0.150 大理石花纹评分
Marbling score45 min 3.00 ± 0.63a 2.67 ± 0.51a 1.67 ± 0.51b < 0.001 24 h 3.80 ± 0.75a 3.33 ± 0.81a 2.33 ± 0.92b 0.002 剪切力 Tenderness/N 47.62 ± 2.63c 57.46 ± 7.65b 83.35 ± 8.86a 0.007 同行不同小写字母表示组间差异显著(P < 0.05),*表示经过24 h排酸处理后结果与45 min结果差异显著(P < 0.05)。下表同。
Different lowercase letters within the same row indicate significant differences among different groups at the 0.05 level, and * represents a significant difference between the 45 min result and the result after 24 h of acid drainage treatment at the 0.05 level. This is applicable for the following tables as well.2.2 肌肉营养成分分析
杂交和牛组和平凉红牛组粗脂肪含量显著高于西门塔尔牛组(P < 0.05),而蛋白质和粗灰分含量则恰好相反,杂交和牛组和平凉红牛组的粗灰分含量显著低于西门塔尔牛组(P < 0.05),杂交和牛组和平凉红牛组的蛋白质含量显著低于西门塔尔牛组(P < 0.05) (表3)。
表 3 背最长肌营养成分分析Table 3. Analysis of meat nutritional components of longissimus dorsi muscle指标
Item杂交和牛
Hybrid Wagyu cattle平凉红牛
Pingliang Red cattle西门塔尔牛
Simmental cattleP 干物质 Dry matter/% 41.05 ± 3.07a 35.85 ± 5.31b 25.71 ± 0.43c 0.000 粗脂肪 Crude fat/% 20.79 ± 4.27a 18.55 ± 5.46a 1.83 ± 0.36b 0.000 粗灰分 Ash/% 0.91 ± 0.13b 0.93 ± 0.05b 1.13 ± 0.05a 0.001 粗蛋白 Crude protein/% 17.39 ± 2.31b 18.62 ± 2.05b 21.33 ± 1.54a 0.010 2.3 氨基酸组成分析
在背最长肌中均检测到了17种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸(EAA) 7种,非必需氨基酸(NEAA) 10种(表4)。平凉红牛组和西门塔尔牛组的氨基酸总量(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)、甜味氨基酸(SAA)含量均显著高于杂交和牛组(P < 0.05),其中平凉红牛组含量最高。平凉红牛组的7种EAA含量均显著高于杂交和牛组(P < 0.05)。平凉红牛和西门塔尔牛组的丝氨酸(Ser)、组氨酸(His)、精氨酸(Arg)等NEAA含量也显著高于杂交和牛组(P < 0.05)。平凉红牛组的EAA/TAA (40.15%)、SAA/TAA (34.89%)和EAA/NEAA (67.04%)均高于杂交和牛组和西门塔尔牛组,而其DAA/TAA (41.56%)最低。
表 4 背最长肌氨基酸组成分析Table 4. Analysis of Amino acid content of longissimus dorsi指标
Parameter氨基酸
Amino acid杂交和牛
Hybrid wagyu cattle平凉红牛
Pingliang red cattle西门塔尔牛
Simmental cattleP 必需氨基酸 (EAA)
Essential amino
acid / (mg·g−1)缬氨酸 Valine (Val) 9.10 ± 0.60b 11.80 ± 0.90a 10.10 ± 0.50b 0.007 蛋氨酸 Methionine (Met) 0.30 ± 0.10b 1.20 ± 0.50a 0.40 ± 0.10b 0.020 苏氨酸 Threonine (Thr) 9.80 ± 0.50b 12.40 ± 0.80a 11.50 ± 0.30a 0.004 异亮氨酸 Isoleucine (Ile) 9.10 ± 0.60c 12.00 ± 0.80a 10.50 ± 0.40b 0.003 亮氨酸 Leucine (Leu) 15.40 ± 0.80c 21.40 ± 1.30a 18.20 ± 1.20b 0.002 苯丙氨酸 Phenylalanine (Phe) 7.60 ± 0.40c 10.80 ± 0.70a 8.70 ± 0.40b 0.001 赖氨酸 Lysine (Lys) 16.40 ± 0.80c 21.40 ± 0.50a 18.30 ± 0.40b 0.000 非必需氨基酸 (NEAA)
Nonessential amino
acid / (mg·g−1)天冬氨酸 Asparagine (Asp) 23.60 ± 0.30 22.60 ± 1.80 23.10 ± 1.70 0.695 谷氨酸 Glutamic acid (Glu) 34.40 ± 1.40b 34.90 ± 0.80b 38.40 ± 1.20a 0.011 丝氨酸 Serine (Ser) 8.90 ± 0.30b 10.50 ± 0.90a 10.40 ± 0.30a 0.024 甘氨酸 Glycine (Gly) 7.30 ± 0.40b 10.50 ± 1.30a 0.09 ± 1.00ab 0.017 组氨酸 Hlstidine (His) 6.60 ± 0.40b 7.80 ± 0.70a 0.08 ± 0.40a 0.032 精氨酸 Argnine (Arg) 12.60 ± 0.50b 15.80 ± 0.50a 15.30 ± 0.80a 0.001 半胱氨酸 Cysteine (Cys) 0.10 ± 0.00 0.10 ± 0.10 0.10 ± 0.00 0.422 丙氨酸 Alanine (Ala) 11.50 ± 0.50c 14.10 ± 0.40a 13.10 ± 0.30b 0.001 脯氨酸 Proline (Pro) 6.90 ± 0.20b 10.20 ± 1.30a 8.80 ± 1.30ab 0.025 酪氨酸 Tyrosine (Tyr) 6.40 ± 0.40c 9.10 ± 0.70a 7.60 ± 0.30b 0.002 总氨基酸 Total amino acids (TAA) 186.20 ± 7.90c 226.40 ± 7.10a 211.50 ± 3.40b 0.001 非必需氨基酸 NEAA 118.40 ± 4.30b 135.60 ± 3.70a 133.80 ± 2.10a 0.002 必需氨基酸 EAA 67.80 ± 3.70c 90.90 ± 4.40a 77.70 ± 2.20b 0.001 鲜味氨基酸 Delicious amino acids (DAA) 86.00 ± 3.00b 94.10 ± 0.90a 94.20 ± 1.60a 0.004 甜味氨基酸 Sweet amino acids (SAA) 60.70 ± 2.80b 79.00 ± 5.20a 71.20 ± 3.50a 0.004 EAA/TAA/% 36.41 40.15 36.74 − DAA/TAA/% 46.19 41.56 44.54 − SAA/TAA/% 32.60 34.89 33.66 − EAA/NEAA/% 57.26 67.04 58.07 − 2.4 脂肪酸组成分析
2.4.1 饱和脂肪酸含量分析
在背最长肌中共检测到13种饱和脂肪酸,其中奇数饱和脂肪酸5种,偶数饱和脂肪酸8种(表5)。在奇数饱和脂肪酸中,西门塔尔牛组十五烷酸(C15:0)和二十三烷酸(C23:0)的含量显著高于杂交和牛组(P < 0.05),而二十一烷酸(C21:0)的含量正好相反。在偶数饱和脂肪酸中,西门塔尔牛组肉豆蔻酸(C14:0)和花生酸(C20:0)的含量显著高于杂交和牛组(P < 0.05),3组间的棕榈酸(C16:0)含量差异显著(P < 0.05),西门塔尔牛组最高。
表 5 背最长肌饱和脂肪酸含量分析Table 5. Analysis of unsaturated fatty acid content of longissimus dorsimg·g−1 脂肪酸
Fatty acid杂交和牛
Hybrid wagyu cattle平凉红牛
Pingliang red cattle西门塔尔牛
Simmental cattleP 丁酸 C4:0 1.40 ± 0.10 1.50 ± 0.10 1.50 ± 0.10 0.714 癸酸 C10:0 0.40 ± 0.00 0.40 ± 0.00 0.30 ± 0.00 0.230 月桂酸 C12:0 0.50 ± 0.00 0.50 ± 0.00 0.40 ± 0.00 0.156 十三烷酸 C13:0 0.50 ± 0.00 0.50 ± 0.00 0.50 ± 0.00 0.711 肉豆蔻酸 C14:0 25.30 ± 1.00b 27.60 ± 0.90b 30.60 ± 1.10a 0.010 十五烷酸 C15:0 2.70 ± 0.10b 3.50 ± 0.30b 5.70 ± 0.60a < 0.001 棕榈酸 C16:0 226.00 ± 2.00c 240.10 ± 3.10b 275.70 ± 4.30a < 0.001 十七烷酸 C17:0 7.30 ± 0.30b 9.20 ± 0.70a 7.80 ± 0.40b 0.034 硬脂酸 C18:0 187.20 ± 3.00 183.80 ± 7.10 186.30 ± 3.50 0.883 花生酸 C20:0 0.60 ± 0.10b 0.90 ± 0.10a 1.20 ± 0.10a 0.020 二十一烷酸 C21:0 4.40 ± 0.40a 3.80 ± 0.40a 2.90 ± 0.20b 0.021 山嵛酸 C22:0 0.30 ± 0.00 0.30 ± 0.00 0.40 ± 0.00 0.442 二十三碳酸 C23:0 1.50 ± 0.10c 2.50 ± 0.30b 4.20 ± 0.40a < 0.001 2.4.2 不饱和脂肪酸含量分析
在背最长肌中共检测出17种不饱和脂肪酸,其中单不饱和脂肪酸9种,多不饱和脂肪酸8种(表6)。在单不饱和脂肪酸中,杂交和牛组的肉豆蔻烯酸(C14:1)、反式油酸(C18:1n9t)、顺-11-二十碳烯酸(C20:1)、顺芥子酸甲酯(C22:1n9)、神经酸(C24:1)含量显著高于平凉红牛和西门塔尔牛组(P < 0.05),3组间的顺-10-十五碳烯酸(C15:1)的含量差异显著(P < 0.05)。在多不饱和脂肪酸中,杂交和牛组4种脂肪酸的含量均显著高于平凉红牛和西门塔尔牛组(P < 0.05),包括亚油酸(C18:2n6c)、顺-11, 14-二十碳二烯酸(C20:2)、顺-13, 16-二十二碳二烯酸(C22:2)和二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexaenoic Acid, DHA) (C22:6n3),3组间的α-亚麻酸(C18:3n3)的含量差异显著(P < 0.05)。
表 6 背最长肌不饱和脂肪酸含量分析Table 6. Analysis of saturated satiety fatty acid content of longissimus dorsimg·g−1 脂肪酸
Fatty acid杂交和牛
Hybrid wagyu cattle平凉红牛
Pingliang red cattle西门塔尔牛
Simmental cattleP 肉豆蔻烯酸 C14:1 5.40 ± 0.30a 3.60 ± 0.10b 3.40 ± 0.10b 0.005 顺-10-十五碳烯酸 C15:1 4.50 ± 0.20a 3.20 ± 0.30b 2.00 ± 0.10c < 0.001 棕榈烯酸 C16:1 27.40 ± 1.20 24.40 ± 0.90 25.50 ± 1.40 0.246 顺-10-十七碳烯酸 C17:1 7.20 ± 0.10a 6.70 ± 0.10a 4.90 ± 0.10b < 0.001 反式油酸 C18:1n9t 20.20 ± 1.40a 15.80 ± 1.10b 14.30 ± 0.90b 0.009 油酸 C18:1n9c 371.40 ± 1.10 372.70 ± 1.20 369.50 ± 1.20 0.167 顺-11-二十碳烯酸 C20:1 3.30 ± 0.40a 2.00 ± 0.20b 1.30 ± 0.10b 0.001 顺芥子酸甲酯 C22:1n9 0.40 ± 0.00a 0.20 ± 0.00b 0.20 ± 0.00b < 0.001 神经酸 C24:1 4.00 ± 0.30a 2.00 ± 0.20b 1.50 ± 0.00b < 0.001 反式亚油酸 C18:2n6t 3.20 ± 0.20a 3.10 ± 0.30a 2.40 ± 0.00b < 0.001 亚油酸 C18:2n6c 66.50 ± 1.30a 50.20 ± 0.80b 50.10 ± 0.80b < 0.001 γ-亚麻酸 C18:3n6 1.40 ± 0.00 1.30 ± 0.00 1.30 ± 0.00 0.078 α-亚麻酸 C18:3n3 13.70 ± 0.00a 9.10 ± 0.20b 6.70 ± 0.20c 0.003 顺-11,14-二十碳二烯酸 C20:2 0.60 ± 0.00a 0.03 ± 0.00b 0.30 ± 0.00b 0.002 顺-8,11,14-二十碳三烯酸 C20:3n6 5.20 ± 0.10a 4.10 ± 0.20b 3.30 ± 0.00c < 0.001 顺-13,16-二十二碳二烯酸 C22:2 0.60 ± 0.00a 0.30 ± 0.00b 0.20 ± 0.00b < 0.001 DHA C22:6n3 6.00 ± 0.20a 3.60 ± 0.10b 3.40 ± 0.00b < 0.001 2.4.3 总脂肪酸含量分析
背最长肌总脂肪酸含量分析发现,杂交和牛组多不饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和n6多不饱和脂肪酸的含量显著高于平凉红牛和西门塔尔牛组(P < 0.05) (表7)。3组中n3多不饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的含量有显著差异(P < 0.05),其中杂交和牛组最高,西门塔尔牛组最低,而饱和脂肪酸和n6多不饱和脂肪酸/n3多不饱和脂肪酸 (n6/n3)的含量则相反。
表 7 背最长肌总脂肪酸含量分析Table 7. Analysis of total fatty acid content of longissimus dorsimg·g−1 脂肪酸
Fatty acid杂交和牛
Hybrid wagyu cattle平凉红牛
Pingliang red cattle西门塔尔牛
Simmental cattleP 饱和脂肪酸 Saturated fatty acid (SFA) 457.90 ± 3.70c 480.10 ± 6.70b 517.50 ± 2.50a < 0.001 不饱和脂肪酸 Unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) 540.80 ± 1.90a 501.20 ± 2.00b 480.90 ± 2.00c < 0.001 多不饱和脂肪酸 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) 97.20 ± 1.30a 71.70 ± 0.80b 67.90 ± 0.90b < 0.001 单不饱和脂肪酸 Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) 443.60 ± 0.90a 429.50 ± 1.50b 422.10 ± 2.60b < 0.001 单不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸 (MUFA/SFA) 0.97 ± 0.03a 0.90 ± 0.01b 0.82 ± 0.01c < 0.001 多不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA/SFA) 0.21 ± 0.00a 0.15 ± 0.00b 0.13 ± 0.00c < 0.001 n3多不饱和脂肪酸 (n3-PUFA) 19.70 ± 0.50a 12.50 ± 0.20b 10.30 ± 0.20c < 0.001 n6多不饱和脂肪酸 (n6-PUFA) 76.40 ± 1.40a 58.70 ± 0.80b 57.10 ± 0.90b < 0.001 n6多不饱和脂肪酸/n3多不饱和脂肪酸 (n6-PUFA/n3-PUFA) 3.90 ± 0.15c 4.71 ± 0.10b 5.54 ± 0.18a < 0.001 3. 讨论
3.1 不同肉牛品种(杂交组合)的肉品质与营养成分特征
肉色是评价牛肉品质的重要指标,受牛的品种、年龄以及储藏时间的影响[18]。经24 h排酸后,平凉红牛和杂交和牛的红度(a*24 h)值显著高于西门塔尔牛,表现出高端牛肉的基本特点。牛肉的失水率、熟肉率与剪切力决定了肌肉的系水力和嫩度[19-20],大理石花纹评分与肌内脂肪正相关[21], 剪切力受肌内脂肪含量、肌纤维粗细、肌纤维密度等的影响,较高的脂肪含量可以提高牛肉的嫩度[22],本研究中平凉红牛和杂交和牛较高的C18:2n6c、C18:1n9c、C18:1n9t含量可能是这两种牛肉具有更好的大理石花纹评分、L*、b*和嫩度(剪切力)的重要原因[23]。pH主要取决于肌肉中的乳酸含量,可以反映牛屠宰后肌糖原的酵解速度和强度[24],与肌肉的肉色、嫩度、多汁性和适口性密切相关,本研究中西门塔尔牛pH 45 min和pH 24 h均高于平凉红牛组和杂交和牛组,说明平凉红牛组和杂交和牛屠宰后24 h内肌糖原酵解速率更高。剪切力是评定肉嫩度的重要口感指标,与肌肉pH显著相关[25],西门塔尔牛组剪切力最高,这与pH的变化相一致,说明肌肉糖原酵解能力会明显影响肉的嫩度。平凉红牛的剪切力、失水率、熟肉率、大理石花纹评分在3个群体中处于居中水平,其嫩度与杂交和牛还有一定差距,但优于西门塔尔牛。就肌内脂肪含量而言,平凉红牛和杂交和牛显著高于西门塔尔牛,这与前面大理石花纹评价一致,说明这两个群体脂肪沉积能力出众,奠定了生产高端雪花肉的基础。
3.2 不同肉牛品种(杂交组合)的氨基酸组成及含量特征
肌肉中的氨基酸种类与含量直接影响着蛋白质品质,其中必需氨基酸是评价蛋白质营养水平的主要指标[26-27]。联合国粮农组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO) 和世界卫生组织 (World Health Organization, WHO)推荐人类食物中理想的EAA/TAA为40%,EAA/NEAA超过60% [28],本研究中,平凉红牛背最长肌的必需氨基酸/总氨基酸(EAA/TAA)和必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸(EAA/NEAA)值分别为40.15%和67.04%,而郏县红牛背最长肌中的必需氨基酸含量仅占总氨基酸的29.59%、非必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的42.86%[29]。引入肉牛品种安格斯牛、利木赞牛、西门塔尔牛分别同宁夏黄牛进行杂交,在后代杂交公牛背最长肌中,EAA/TAA和EAA/NEAA分别介于39.05%~39.65%和64.08%~65.86% [30],本研究中的杂交和牛和西门塔尔牛的EAA/TAA和EAA/NEAA值均低于这一水平。由此可见,平凉红牛背最长肌中的EAA/TAA和EAA/NEAA值高于当前研究和报道的其他牛群体,与FAO/WHO推荐的理想氨基酸模式基本一致。
肌肉氨基酸中的丝氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、亮氨酸、β-丙氨酸、脯氨酸和苏氨酸等是肉香味的必需前体物,如果这些氨基酸含量提高,则预示着肉品风味的改善[31]。谷氨酸和天冬氨酸对肉的香味起主导作用[32]。呈味氨基酸的含量及组成是评价蛋白质营养价值高低的重要指标,对肉中蛋白质的营养价值有直接影响[33]。平凉红牛背最长肌SAA中的丙氨酸、脯氨酸、赖氨酸以及DAA中的异亮氨基酸含量均显著高于杂交和牛和西门塔尔牛,且SAA和DAA含量均显著高于杂交和牛。而锦江黄牛、吉安黄牛、广丰黄牛的鲜味氨基酸(DAA)和甜味氨基酸(SAA)含量分别介于51.8~54.7和46.6~49.0 mg·g−1 [34]。由此可见,平凉红牛背最长肌中高水平的SAA和DAA优势,保证了其肉质的优良风味和口感,为其生产高端牛肉奠定了基础。
3.3 不同肉牛品种(杂交组合)的脂肪酸组成及含量特征
肌肉中脂肪酸的组成和含量对肉品风味的形成极为重要,也与人体健康密切相关[35-36]。SFA影响低密度脂蛋白与高密度脂蛋白在血液中的含量,从而会诱发心血管疾病,尤其是冠状动脉硬化疾病的几率[37-40],其中的肉豆蔻酸(C14:0)和棕榈酸(C16:0)等均能导致体内胆固醇升高[38]。本研究中平凉红牛的SFA含量(48.01%)介于杂交和牛(45.79%)和西门塔尔牛(51.75%)之间,比起西门塔尔牛略好,但不如杂交和牛。国内其他地方牛品种的SFA含量也在40%以上,但均低于50%[41-43]。
相比较饱和脂肪酸而言, MUFA对人体健康有益,相关的风味物质受氧化产物的影响,产生浓郁的肉香味,可提高牛肉的口感[44]。特别是油酸(C18:1n9c)有降低血液胆固醇、促进脂肪酸吸收的作用[45-46]。平凉红牛的MUFA含量(42.95%)低于杂交和牛(44.36%),略高于西门塔尔牛(42.21%),但其油酸(C18:1n9c)含量(37.27%)高于杂交和牛(37.14%)和西门塔尔牛(36.95%),所以从油酸的角度来看,平凉红牛也具有生产优质肉的潜力。多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值(P/S)以及n6多不饱和脂肪酸与n3多不饱和脂肪酸的比值(n6/n3)是衡量肉品营养价值的重要参数[47],P/S值作为评价脂肪营养价值的一个参考,一些学者认为P/S值越高越好[48]。早胜牛的P/S值在0.10~0.22 [49]。本研究中,平凉红牛、杂交和牛、西门塔尔牛的P/S值分别为0.15、0.21、0.13,平凉红牛的P/S值虽然低于杂交和牛,但高于西门塔尔牛。n6/n3比值偏高会加快炎症的发生[50],适宜比值应为4~6[51] ,高n6/n3比值对人体有害,越接近1的比值则表现出对人体更好的保护作用[52],本研究中,平凉红牛的n6/n3值为4.71,更接近n6/n3适宜比值范围之内的中间值。
4. 结论
本研究结果表明,平凉红牛的剪切力、失水率、熟肉率以及肌间脂肪与杂交和牛存在一定差距,但优于西门塔尔牛;在3个肉牛群体中,平凉红牛背最长肌中甜味氨基酸含量最高,这保证了平凉红牛肉质的优良口感和风味,而平凉红牛的脂肪酸组成在降低胆固醇、保护人体健康方面也更具优势。总体而言,平凉红牛在肉品质、脂肪酸和氨基酸组成等方面相比西门塔尔牛具有很大优势,已接近杂交和牛。
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表 1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)
Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (dry matter basis)
项目
Item体重阶段 Weight stage/kg 150~249 250~349 350~449 450~出栏 Slaughter 原料 Ingredient 蒸汽压片玉米 Steam-flaked corn/% 18.00 21.84 40.00 61.00 蒸汽压片小麦 Steam-flaked wheat/% 5.67 4.00 5.59 2.00 蒸汽压片大麦 Steam-flaked barley/% 6.00 4.00 3.61 2.00 蒸汽压片黑豆 Steam-flaked black beans/% 4.00 4.77 8.00 4.72 玉米胚芽粕 Corn germ meal/% 6.00 4.82 2.00 6.00 玉米干酒糟及其可溶物 Dried distillers grains with solubles /% 13.06 16.00 3.19 3.00 碳酸氢钠 NaHCO3/% 0.50 0.67 0.74 0.94 食盐 NaCl/% 0.50 0.67 0.74 0.94 石粉 Limestone/% 0.50 0.90 0.63 0.50 预混料 Premix1)/% 1.00 1.33 1.34 1.90 玉米黄贮 Corn stalk silage/% 44.75 41.00 34.00 17.00 合计 Tatal 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 营养水平 Nutrient level2) 粗蛋白质 Crude protein, CP/% 14.00 12.60 11.30 10.09 总可消化养分 Total digestible nutrients, TDN/% 76.13 75.15 73.99 77.87 维持净能 Net energy for maintenance, Nem/(MJ·kg−1) 4.53 6.29 7.75 8.58 增重净能 Net energy for gain, Neg/(MJ·kg−1) 3.70 4.70 5.13 5.88 钙 Calcium, Ca/% 0.53 0.40 0.36 0.27 磷 Phosphorus, P/% 0.30 0.39 0.31 0.29 中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber, NDF/% 31.21 29.31 22.63 15.87 酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber, ADF/% 17.96 16.02 12.90 7.87 1)每千克预混料中含有:VA 900 IU,VD 150 IU,VE 25 IU,Cu 10 mg,Fe 80 mg,Mn 20 mg,Zn 40 mg,I 1.0 mg,Se 0.60 mg。2)维持净能和增重净能基于NRC (2003)进行计算,其余为实测值。
1) Each kilogram of premix contained: VA 900 IU, VD 150 IU, VE 25 IU, Cu 10 mg, Fe 80 mg, Mn 20 mg, Zn 40 mg, I 1.0 mg, Se 0.60 mg. 2) Nem and Neg were calculated according to the National Research Council guidelines (NRC, 2003), while the others were measured values.表 2 背最长肌肉品质差异分析
Table 2 Analysis of meat quality indicators of longissimus dorsi muscle
指标
Item杂交和牛
Hybrid Wagyu cattle平凉红牛
Pingliang Red cattle西门塔尔牛
Simmental cattleP 失水率 Water loss rate/% 6.90 ± 1.19a 5.29 ± 1.39b 4.69 ± 1.67b < 0.001 熟肉率 Cooked meat rate/% 74.22 ± 2.22a 65.35 ± 2.64b 62.15 ± 2.45b < 0.001 蒸煮损失 Cooking loss/% 12.81 ± 1.67c 17.80 ± 2.17b 19.96 ± 1.38a < 0.001 滴水损失 Drip loss/% 4.81 ± 1.39a 5.29 ± 1.25a 2.08 ± 0.79b < 0.001 肉色
Flesh-colored亮度 Brightness (L*45 min) 30.39 ± 2.20a 27.44 ± 2.56b 26.66 ± 1.26c 0.010 红度 Redness (a*45 min) 11.07 ± 2.38 10.18 ± 1.21 9.76 ± 1.21 0.420 黄度 Yellowness (b*45 min) 8.03 ± 1.72ab 7.37 ± 0.47b 9.20 ± 1.41a 0.060 亮度 Brightness (L*24 h) 33.37 ± 2.02* 33.12 ± 2.02* 31.27 ± 2.62* 0.310 红度 Redness (a*24 h) 13.17 ± 1.18a* 13.67 ± 1.25a* 10.15 ± 1.16b < 0.001 黄度 Yellowness (b*24 h) 10.55 ± 1.38* 10.47 ± 1.20* 10.38 ± 1.07* 0.970 pH 45 min 6.12 ± 0.17* 6.21 ± 0.06* 6.30 ± 0.18* 0.150 24 h 5.46 ± 1.11 5.56 ± 0.08 5.60 ± 0.13 0.150 大理石花纹评分
Marbling score45 min 3.00 ± 0.63a 2.67 ± 0.51a 1.67 ± 0.51b < 0.001 24 h 3.80 ± 0.75a 3.33 ± 0.81a 2.33 ± 0.92b 0.002 剪切力 Tenderness/N 47.62 ± 2.63c 57.46 ± 7.65b 83.35 ± 8.86a 0.007 同行不同小写字母表示组间差异显著(P < 0.05),*表示经过24 h排酸处理后结果与45 min结果差异显著(P < 0.05)。下表同。
Different lowercase letters within the same row indicate significant differences among different groups at the 0.05 level, and * represents a significant difference between the 45 min result and the result after 24 h of acid drainage treatment at the 0.05 level. This is applicable for the following tables as well.表 3 背最长肌营养成分分析
Table 3 Analysis of meat nutritional components of longissimus dorsi muscle
指标
Item杂交和牛
Hybrid Wagyu cattle平凉红牛
Pingliang Red cattle西门塔尔牛
Simmental cattleP 干物质 Dry matter/% 41.05 ± 3.07a 35.85 ± 5.31b 25.71 ± 0.43c 0.000 粗脂肪 Crude fat/% 20.79 ± 4.27a 18.55 ± 5.46a 1.83 ± 0.36b 0.000 粗灰分 Ash/% 0.91 ± 0.13b 0.93 ± 0.05b 1.13 ± 0.05a 0.001 粗蛋白 Crude protein/% 17.39 ± 2.31b 18.62 ± 2.05b 21.33 ± 1.54a 0.010 表 4 背最长肌氨基酸组成分析
Table 4 Analysis of Amino acid content of longissimus dorsi
指标
Parameter氨基酸
Amino acid杂交和牛
Hybrid wagyu cattle平凉红牛
Pingliang red cattle西门塔尔牛
Simmental cattleP 必需氨基酸 (EAA)
Essential amino
acid / (mg·g−1)缬氨酸 Valine (Val) 9.10 ± 0.60b 11.80 ± 0.90a 10.10 ± 0.50b 0.007 蛋氨酸 Methionine (Met) 0.30 ± 0.10b 1.20 ± 0.50a 0.40 ± 0.10b 0.020 苏氨酸 Threonine (Thr) 9.80 ± 0.50b 12.40 ± 0.80a 11.50 ± 0.30a 0.004 异亮氨酸 Isoleucine (Ile) 9.10 ± 0.60c 12.00 ± 0.80a 10.50 ± 0.40b 0.003 亮氨酸 Leucine (Leu) 15.40 ± 0.80c 21.40 ± 1.30a 18.20 ± 1.20b 0.002 苯丙氨酸 Phenylalanine (Phe) 7.60 ± 0.40c 10.80 ± 0.70a 8.70 ± 0.40b 0.001 赖氨酸 Lysine (Lys) 16.40 ± 0.80c 21.40 ± 0.50a 18.30 ± 0.40b 0.000 非必需氨基酸 (NEAA)
Nonessential amino
acid / (mg·g−1)天冬氨酸 Asparagine (Asp) 23.60 ± 0.30 22.60 ± 1.80 23.10 ± 1.70 0.695 谷氨酸 Glutamic acid (Glu) 34.40 ± 1.40b 34.90 ± 0.80b 38.40 ± 1.20a 0.011 丝氨酸 Serine (Ser) 8.90 ± 0.30b 10.50 ± 0.90a 10.40 ± 0.30a 0.024 甘氨酸 Glycine (Gly) 7.30 ± 0.40b 10.50 ± 1.30a 0.09 ± 1.00ab 0.017 组氨酸 Hlstidine (His) 6.60 ± 0.40b 7.80 ± 0.70a 0.08 ± 0.40a 0.032 精氨酸 Argnine (Arg) 12.60 ± 0.50b 15.80 ± 0.50a 15.30 ± 0.80a 0.001 半胱氨酸 Cysteine (Cys) 0.10 ± 0.00 0.10 ± 0.10 0.10 ± 0.00 0.422 丙氨酸 Alanine (Ala) 11.50 ± 0.50c 14.10 ± 0.40a 13.10 ± 0.30b 0.001 脯氨酸 Proline (Pro) 6.90 ± 0.20b 10.20 ± 1.30a 8.80 ± 1.30ab 0.025 酪氨酸 Tyrosine (Tyr) 6.40 ± 0.40c 9.10 ± 0.70a 7.60 ± 0.30b 0.002 总氨基酸 Total amino acids (TAA) 186.20 ± 7.90c 226.40 ± 7.10a 211.50 ± 3.40b 0.001 非必需氨基酸 NEAA 118.40 ± 4.30b 135.60 ± 3.70a 133.80 ± 2.10a 0.002 必需氨基酸 EAA 67.80 ± 3.70c 90.90 ± 4.40a 77.70 ± 2.20b 0.001 鲜味氨基酸 Delicious amino acids (DAA) 86.00 ± 3.00b 94.10 ± 0.90a 94.20 ± 1.60a 0.004 甜味氨基酸 Sweet amino acids (SAA) 60.70 ± 2.80b 79.00 ± 5.20a 71.20 ± 3.50a 0.004 EAA/TAA/% 36.41 40.15 36.74 − DAA/TAA/% 46.19 41.56 44.54 − SAA/TAA/% 32.60 34.89 33.66 − EAA/NEAA/% 57.26 67.04 58.07 − 表 5 背最长肌饱和脂肪酸含量分析
Table 5 Analysis of unsaturated fatty acid content of longissimus dorsi
mg·g−1 脂肪酸
Fatty acid杂交和牛
Hybrid wagyu cattle平凉红牛
Pingliang red cattle西门塔尔牛
Simmental cattleP 丁酸 C4:0 1.40 ± 0.10 1.50 ± 0.10 1.50 ± 0.10 0.714 癸酸 C10:0 0.40 ± 0.00 0.40 ± 0.00 0.30 ± 0.00 0.230 月桂酸 C12:0 0.50 ± 0.00 0.50 ± 0.00 0.40 ± 0.00 0.156 十三烷酸 C13:0 0.50 ± 0.00 0.50 ± 0.00 0.50 ± 0.00 0.711 肉豆蔻酸 C14:0 25.30 ± 1.00b 27.60 ± 0.90b 30.60 ± 1.10a 0.010 十五烷酸 C15:0 2.70 ± 0.10b 3.50 ± 0.30b 5.70 ± 0.60a < 0.001 棕榈酸 C16:0 226.00 ± 2.00c 240.10 ± 3.10b 275.70 ± 4.30a < 0.001 十七烷酸 C17:0 7.30 ± 0.30b 9.20 ± 0.70a 7.80 ± 0.40b 0.034 硬脂酸 C18:0 187.20 ± 3.00 183.80 ± 7.10 186.30 ± 3.50 0.883 花生酸 C20:0 0.60 ± 0.10b 0.90 ± 0.10a 1.20 ± 0.10a 0.020 二十一烷酸 C21:0 4.40 ± 0.40a 3.80 ± 0.40a 2.90 ± 0.20b 0.021 山嵛酸 C22:0 0.30 ± 0.00 0.30 ± 0.00 0.40 ± 0.00 0.442 二十三碳酸 C23:0 1.50 ± 0.10c 2.50 ± 0.30b 4.20 ± 0.40a < 0.001 表 6 背最长肌不饱和脂肪酸含量分析
Table 6 Analysis of saturated satiety fatty acid content of longissimus dorsi
mg·g−1 脂肪酸
Fatty acid杂交和牛
Hybrid wagyu cattle平凉红牛
Pingliang red cattle西门塔尔牛
Simmental cattleP 肉豆蔻烯酸 C14:1 5.40 ± 0.30a 3.60 ± 0.10b 3.40 ± 0.10b 0.005 顺-10-十五碳烯酸 C15:1 4.50 ± 0.20a 3.20 ± 0.30b 2.00 ± 0.10c < 0.001 棕榈烯酸 C16:1 27.40 ± 1.20 24.40 ± 0.90 25.50 ± 1.40 0.246 顺-10-十七碳烯酸 C17:1 7.20 ± 0.10a 6.70 ± 0.10a 4.90 ± 0.10b < 0.001 反式油酸 C18:1n9t 20.20 ± 1.40a 15.80 ± 1.10b 14.30 ± 0.90b 0.009 油酸 C18:1n9c 371.40 ± 1.10 372.70 ± 1.20 369.50 ± 1.20 0.167 顺-11-二十碳烯酸 C20:1 3.30 ± 0.40a 2.00 ± 0.20b 1.30 ± 0.10b 0.001 顺芥子酸甲酯 C22:1n9 0.40 ± 0.00a 0.20 ± 0.00b 0.20 ± 0.00b < 0.001 神经酸 C24:1 4.00 ± 0.30a 2.00 ± 0.20b 1.50 ± 0.00b < 0.001 反式亚油酸 C18:2n6t 3.20 ± 0.20a 3.10 ± 0.30a 2.40 ± 0.00b < 0.001 亚油酸 C18:2n6c 66.50 ± 1.30a 50.20 ± 0.80b 50.10 ± 0.80b < 0.001 γ-亚麻酸 C18:3n6 1.40 ± 0.00 1.30 ± 0.00 1.30 ± 0.00 0.078 α-亚麻酸 C18:3n3 13.70 ± 0.00a 9.10 ± 0.20b 6.70 ± 0.20c 0.003 顺-11,14-二十碳二烯酸 C20:2 0.60 ± 0.00a 0.03 ± 0.00b 0.30 ± 0.00b 0.002 顺-8,11,14-二十碳三烯酸 C20:3n6 5.20 ± 0.10a 4.10 ± 0.20b 3.30 ± 0.00c < 0.001 顺-13,16-二十二碳二烯酸 C22:2 0.60 ± 0.00a 0.30 ± 0.00b 0.20 ± 0.00b < 0.001 DHA C22:6n3 6.00 ± 0.20a 3.60 ± 0.10b 3.40 ± 0.00b < 0.001 表 7 背最长肌总脂肪酸含量分析
Table 7 Analysis of total fatty acid content of longissimus dorsi
mg·g−1 脂肪酸
Fatty acid杂交和牛
Hybrid wagyu cattle平凉红牛
Pingliang red cattle西门塔尔牛
Simmental cattleP 饱和脂肪酸 Saturated fatty acid (SFA) 457.90 ± 3.70c 480.10 ± 6.70b 517.50 ± 2.50a < 0.001 不饱和脂肪酸 Unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) 540.80 ± 1.90a 501.20 ± 2.00b 480.90 ± 2.00c < 0.001 多不饱和脂肪酸 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) 97.20 ± 1.30a 71.70 ± 0.80b 67.90 ± 0.90b < 0.001 单不饱和脂肪酸 Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) 443.60 ± 0.90a 429.50 ± 1.50b 422.10 ± 2.60b < 0.001 单不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸 (MUFA/SFA) 0.97 ± 0.03a 0.90 ± 0.01b 0.82 ± 0.01c < 0.001 多不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA/SFA) 0.21 ± 0.00a 0.15 ± 0.00b 0.13 ± 0.00c < 0.001 n3多不饱和脂肪酸 (n3-PUFA) 19.70 ± 0.50a 12.50 ± 0.20b 10.30 ± 0.20c < 0.001 n6多不饱和脂肪酸 (n6-PUFA) 76.40 ± 1.40a 58.70 ± 0.80b 57.10 ± 0.90b < 0.001 n6多不饱和脂肪酸/n3多不饱和脂肪酸 (n6-PUFA/n3-PUFA) 3.90 ± 0.15c 4.71 ± 0.10b 5.54 ± 0.18a < 0.001 -
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