关于云贵高原自然资源要素综合观测体系建设的思考与认识
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农作物秸秆全价颗粒饲料是将几种不同性质的饲料按特定比例混合均匀后，配合造粒成型技术加工而成的商品饲料，具有提高反刍动物采食量和消化转化率等优点[1]。甘肃高山细毛羊是在高寒牧区培育成的毛肉兼用型细毛羊[2]，具有耐粗饲、体质结实、放牧性强等优势，对严酷的自然生态条件有较强的适应能力，可以在草原植被单一、枯草期超过半年以上的严酷条件下，冷季少量补饲，全年放牧，成为高寒牧区的优势畜种[3-6]。肃南县依靠优越的自然草地资源，成为甘肃高山细毛羊的理想养殖牧区[7-8]。但长期以来，在传统的饲养模式下，草地严重退化且生物多样性遭到破坏，早已无法应对农区养羊业饲草料不足的问题[9-11]。每年12月份到次年3月份，由于大雪、寒潮等极端气候条件的影响，经常导致无法正常放牧，在此期间当地牧民仅补饲少量的燕麦(Avena sativa)草等，造成甘肃高山细毛羊普遍出现掉膘、流产，甚至是死亡的现象。然而，该地区产出的大量小麦(Triticum aestivum)与玉米(Zea mays)秸秆，均未得到有效利用，每年都有大量焚烧现象，浪费大量的可利用草料资源的同时也造成了环境污染。冬春季营养匮乏与寒冷应激严重阻碍甘肃高山细毛羊生产潜能的发挥。因此，全年均衡营养的保证是甘肃高山细毛羊生产性能得以发挥的基础[12]，特别是在冬春季应实现补饲与放牧的有效结合，保证家畜的营养供给，相关研究表明补饲对高寒牧区绵羊生产有明显的正向影响[13]，王志明等[14]在对3月龄甘肃高山细毛羊补饲试验中发现，饲喂玉米秸秆颗粒饲料可以显著提高羊只平均日增重和体尺指标；王春辉等[15]在对妊娠后期甘肃高山细毛羊补饲试验中发现，饲喂秸秆全价颗粒饲料可以显著提高妊娠母羊的平均日增重、所产羔羊的初生重及相关血清生化指标。但在牧区极端气候条件下，对甘肃高山细毛羊育成母羊应急饲喂秸秆全价颗粒饲料的研究报道较少。
为此，以小麦秸秆型及玉米秸秆型全价颗粒饲料作为肃南高寒牧区冬春季大雪封山时期甘肃高山细毛羊育成母羊的应急料，旨在利用农作物秸秆的基础上，为该地区传统补饲燕麦草和整粒玉米找寻全新的替代料，在实现农作物秸秆高效利用的基础上满足甘肃高山细毛羊育成母羊无法放牧期间的营养需求。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 试验动物
选用肃南县康乐乡赛鼎村(99°49'56'' E，38°48'52'' N)典型牧户家庭牧场中健康、体况相近的6月龄甘肃高山细毛羊育成母羊48只，随机分为试验组Ⅰ（18只，小麦秸秆型）、试验组Ⅱ（17只，玉米秸秆型）以及对照组（13只，燕麦草+整粒玉米）。
1.2 两种秸秆全价颗粒饲料的配制
在测定甘肃高山细毛羊放牧采食量的基础上，根据中国美利奴羊育成母羊饲养标准营养需要量[16]，配制成小麦秸秆型和玉米秸秆型两种全价颗粒饲料，饲料组成及营养水平如表1所列。由甘肃元生农牧科技有限公司完成两种全价颗粒饲料的加工生产。
表 1 试验羊饲喂料的配方及营养水平Table 1. Feed formulas and the nutrition statuses of the test sheep项目 Item 指标 Parameter 试验组Ⅰ Test group Ⅰ 试验组Ⅱ Test group Ⅱ 对照组 Control group 配料
Ingredient糖蜜 Molasses/% 4.20 4.20 – 麸皮 Bran/% 18.50 17.20 – 玉米秸秆 Corn stalks/% – 46.00 – 小麦秸秆 Wheat stalks/% 43.00 – – 大豆粕 Soybean meal/% 9.50 8.60 – 棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal/% 9.50 8.60 – 玉米 Corn/% 12.30 12.40 20.00 食盐 Salt/% 1.00 1.00 – 石粉 Stone powder/% 2.00 2.00 – 燕麦草 Oat grass/% – – 80.00 合计 Total/% 100.00 100.00 100.00 营养水平
Nutrient level代谢能 Metabolic energy/(MJ·kg–1) 7.48 7.26 9.64 干物质 Dry matter/% 88.36 88.39 90.24 粗蛋白 Crude protein/% 12.62 13.07 7.74 中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber/% 42.28 44.03 52.26 酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber/% 20.81 19.25 31.74 钙 Ca/% 0.95 1.06 0.31 总磷 Total phosphorus/% 0.43 0.47 0.27 代谢能为计算值，其他数值为实测值。
Metabolizable energy is a calculated value, and the other values are measured.1.3 饲养管理
于2016年12月19日至2017年1月3日在试验羊所在牧民家中进行为期16 d的应急试验，试验羊在保证正常饮水量的情况下仅通过饲喂应急料的方式进行饲养，试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ育成羊每天分别饲喂小麦秸秆型、玉米秸秆型全价颗粒饲料，每只每天饲喂量均为1.2 kg。对照组按传统方式饲喂，每只每天玉米0.05 kg + 燕麦草0.2 kg。分两次等量饲喂，饲喂时间为08:00 – 09:00和16:00 – 17:00。3组育成母羊分圈饲养，且每组均为集中饲喂，自由饮水，保持水槽和饮水干净。
1.4 测定指标及测定方法
1.4.1 体重
在试验开始当天早晨和试验结束的次日早晨分别称量3组试验绵羊试验初始体重及末体重，平均日增重为试验全期增重/试验天数。
1.4.2 血清生化指标
试验结束的次日早晨，在未进食前随机从3组试验绵羊中选择6只，经颈静脉采集5 mL血液置于无抗凝剂真空采血管，低温保存并送至兰州长风医院，采用全自动生化分析仪(BIOBASE BK800，山东博科)检验，测定指标包括总蛋白(total protein, TP)、白蛋白(albumin, ALB)、球蛋白(globulin, GLB)、葡萄糖(glucose, GLU)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen, BUN)、谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)。
1.5 数据分析
数据经Excel初步统计后，利用SPSS 21.0统计软件分别对3组试验羊末体重、平均日增重及各项血清生化指标进行单因素方差分析对数据统计分析，并进行Duncan多重比较检验，最终分析结果用平均值 ± 标准误(Mean ± SE)表示(α = 0.05)。
2. 结果
2.1 甘肃高山细毛羊育成母羊的体重
在分别饲喂小麦秸秆型和玉米秸秆型全价颗粒饲料后，试验组Ⅱ羊只的平均日增重显著高于对照组(P < 0.05) (表2)；其余指标各组间无显著差异(P > 0.05)。平均日增重试验组Ⅰ和试验组Ⅱ较对照组分别增加100.62%和218.63%。
表 2 试验羊的体重Table 2. Sheep weights项目 Item 试验组Ⅰ Test group Ⅰ 试验组Ⅱ Test group Ⅱ 对照组 Control group 初始体重 Initial body weight/kg 28.03 ± 0.79a 28.09 ± 0.58a 27.85 ± 0.57a 末体重 Final body weight/kg 29.42 ± 0.74a 30.29 ± 0.67a 28.54 ± 0.64a 平均日增重 Average daily gain/(g·d–1) 86.81 ± 28.76ab 137.87 ± 18.38a 43.27 ± 13.94b 同行不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)；表3同。
Different lowercase letters within the same row indicate significant difference at the 0.05 level; this is applicable for Table 3 as well.2.2 甘肃高山细毛羊育成母羊的血清生化指标
两试验组羊只血清中TP和BUN的浓度显著高于对照组(P < 0.05) (表3)；试验组Ⅱ羊只血清中GLB的浓度显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)；试验组Ⅰ羊只血清中ALB、AST和LDH的活性显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)；其余指标各组间无显著差异(P > 0.05)。
表 3 试验羊的血清生化指标Table 3. Serum biochemical indicators for the test sheep项目 Item 试验组Ⅰ Test group Ⅰ 试验组Ⅱ Test group Ⅱ 对照组 Control group 总蛋白 Total protein/(g·L–1) 67.83 ± 1.60a 67.00 ± 1.51a 61.33 ± 0.71b 白蛋白 Albumin/(g·L–1) 37.33 ± 0.56a 35.83 ± 0.98ab 34.00 ± 0.58b 球蛋白 Globulin/(g·L–1) 30.50 ± 1.18ab 31.17 ± 1.35a 27.33 ± 0.61b 总胆固醇 Total cholesterol/(μmol·L–1) 1.52 ± 0.54a 1.38 ± 0.17a 1.58 ± 0.14a 葡萄糖 Glucose/(mmol·L–1) 2.41 ± 0.24a 2.14 ± 0.53a 1.93 ± 0.12a 甘油三酯 Triglyceride/(mmol·L–1) 0.25 ± 0.02a 0.28 ± 0.03a 0.20 ± 0.03a 尿素氮 Blood urea nitrogen/(mmol·L–1) 8.37 ± 0.24a 8.74 ± 0.68a 3.03 ± 0.38b 谷丙转氨酶 Alanine aminotransferase/(U·L–1) 21.17 ± 2.98a 17.00 ± 1.13a 17.50 ± 2.05a 谷草转氨酶 Aspartate aminotransferase/(U·L–1) 113.17 ± 9.55a 97.67 ± 6.44ab 87.17 ± 5.11b 乳酸脱氢酶 Lactate dehydrogenase/(U·L–1) 466.83 ± 29.12a 422.00 ± 18.65ab 389.67 ± 16.32b 3. 讨论
3.1 饲喂不同秸秆类型全价颗粒饲料对甘肃高山细毛羊育成母羊体重的影响
肃南县是一个靠天然草地放牧的传统畜牧业县，甘肃高山细毛羊作为该区的优势畜种，在带动整个产业的发展中发挥着重要作用，但由于当地自然环境条件的制约，甘肃高山细毛羊一般在2.5岁左右才能配种，主要是由于育成母羊营养供给不足等因素造成其生长发育迟缓、体质差、性成熟及体成熟延迟无法适时配种。因此，甘肃高山细毛羊育成母羊的正常生长发育是提高整个羊群生产潜能的基础。本研究利用该区大量小麦与玉米秸秆制成全价颗粒饲料，对甘肃高山细毛羊育成母羊应急饲喂发现：试验末体重及平均日增重试验Ⅱ组 > 试验Ⅰ组 > 对照组，饲喂玉米秸秆型颗粒饲料组最高，其试验末体重(30.29 kg)与平均日增重(137.87 g·d–1)高于饲喂燕麦草和整粒玉米(28.54 kg和43.27 g·d–1)。反刍动物的日增重主要受饲草类型、采食量、饲料转化率等因素的影响。农作物秸秆在制粒中，混入其他添加剂，能够提供更加全面的营养；破坏植物细胞壁中木质素–碳水化合物复合体，增进机体对纤维素消化利用的程度[17]；使蛋白质与糊化的淀粉基质结合形成瘤胃不可降解蛋白，可直接被小肠吸收利用[18]；使秸秆熟化、氨化、碱化，具有熟香味，改善饲料适口性和理化性质，能够有效提高反刍动物的采食量。此外，整个试验在舍饲条件下完成，一方面，极大程度上减少了试验羊在觅食过程中的能量消耗；另一方面，舍饲提供了一个相对温暖的环境，减少了寒冷应激消耗。说明在无法放牧时期，采用小麦秸秆型或玉米秸秆型颗粒料作为应急料可以替代燕麦草和整粒玉米，且玉米秸秆型更优，既能充分利用农作物秸秆，避免焚烧污染环境，还能保障甘肃高山细毛羊育成母羊的物质营养需求，减少掉膘、死亡等情况。
3.2 饲喂不同秸秆类型全价颗粒饲料对甘肃高山细毛羊育成母羊血清生化指标的影响
血清中各种生化物质是动物生命活动的物质基础，是反映动物内环境稳态的核心参数，与机体的物质能量代谢水平息息相关。分析血清中各生化指标的含量有助于了解育成期甘肃高山细毛羊的生长发育和营养满足情况[19-20]。同时，可以根据血清生化指标客观评价育成期甘肃高山细毛羊的健康状况，为制定科学的饲养方案提供理论依据。
血清中TP包括ALB和GLB。TP的含量主要受饲料中蛋白质含量的影响，可反映肝脏、肾脏和机体代谢功能是否正常[21]；ALB是营养物质的载体，具有运输营养物质、提供机体蛋白质以及维持血液胶体渗透压的作用[22]；GLB包括免疫球蛋白、多种糖蛋白和补体，ALB/GLB升高说明机体免疫机能降低，可反映机体的免疫能力[23]。在本研究中，血清中TP和ALB的含量试验组Ⅰ > 试验组Ⅱ > 对照组，饲喂小麦秸秆型颗粒饲料组最高；血清中GLB的含量试验组Ⅱ > 试验组Ⅰ > 对照组，饲喂玉米秸秆型颗粒饲料组最高，其血清中GLB浓度(31.17 g·L–1)显著高于传统草料饲喂羊只(27.33 g·L–1)，以上结果说明，为甘肃高山细毛羊育成母羊饲喂小麦型或玉米型秸秆颗粒饲料可供给充足的蛋白质需求，促进机体对蛋白质的吸收利用，且饲喂玉米秸秆颗粒饲料更有利于提高机体免疫力。
血清中的BUN主要是蛋白质代谢的终末产物，是反映动物体氮代谢平衡的重要指标。当机体采食蛋白质的量增加或对饲料中氮的利用率降低时，血清中BUN的含量将升高[24-25]。在本研究中，血清中BUN含量试验组Ⅱ > 试验组Ⅰ > 对照组，饲喂玉米秸秆型颗粒饲料组最高，花卫华等[26]也发现当日粮蛋白质水平高或食入氮量增加时血清中BUN含量升高，说明小麦秸秆型和玉米秸秆型颗粒饲料蛋白质水平高于传统饲料。此外，血清中BUN的浓度受饲料中蛋白质含量及氨基酸种类的影响，当血清中BUN的含量超出正常范围(1.8 ～7.1 mmol·L–1)时，其含量的高低与动物机体内氮沉积、蛋白质或氨基酸的利用率呈负相关关系，当动物机体内蛋白质利用率降低、限制性氨基酸不足或氨基酸代谢不平衡时，血清中尿素氮的含量增加[27]。在本研究条件下，对照组绵羊血清中BUN含量(3.03 mmol·L–1)处于正常范围；而试验组Ⅰ与试验组Ⅱ绵羊血清中BUN含量(8.37和8.74 mmol·L–1)高于正常范围，可能是由于小麦秸秆型及玉米秸秆型全价颗粒饲料的能量蛋白比均低于传统燕麦草及整粒玉米，蛋白营养水平较高，导致机体内氨基酸代谢旺盛所致。
血清中TC、GLU和TG的含量能够反映动物脂肪代谢、肝脏功能和机体糖代谢状况[28]。TC是动物机体中最重要的一种以环戊烷多氢菲为母核的固醇类化合物，既是细胞膜的重要组分，又是合成性激素、肾上腺素等的前体。血清中TC的含量影响动物的生长发育速度，是评价机体脂类代谢的理想指标[29]。GLU是动物机体各种生命活动及快速应变需能过程中直接的能源供给物质。血糖含量的变化是反映机体糖代谢的重要指标，血糖含量相对恒定，是机体正常生命活动的基础，饲粮中能量供应不足或动物对饲粮消化不良时，均会导致其含量下降[30-32]。TG是脂类代谢的中间产物，主要由长链脂肪酸和甘油组成，具有储能和供能的生理作用，反映体内脂类代谢状况[33]。血清中TG含量低，说明动物机体对脂肪的利用率高，不利于体内脂肪的沉积。在本研究中，血清中TC的含量对照组 > 试验组Ⅰ > 试验组Ⅱ，传统方式饲喂组最高；血清中GLU的含量试验组Ⅰ > 试验组Ⅱ > 对照组，饲喂小麦秸秆型颗粒饲料组最高；血清中TG的含量试验组Ⅱ > 试验组Ⅰ > 对照组，饲喂玉米秸秆型颗粒饲料组最高。说明为甘肃高山细毛羊育成母羊饲喂小麦秸秆型或玉米秸秆型颗粒饲料对糖代谢、脂代谢及肝脏功能并无不利影响，且饲喂玉米秸秆颗粒饲料能够提供更充分的能源物质并有利于脂肪沉积，对提高甘肃高山细毛羊育成母羊的生产性能具有积极作用。
绵羊机体的适应调节能力取决于血清中相关酶的表达水平[34]。ALT和AST是动物体内最重要的转氨酶，主要分布在肝脏与心脏组织中[35]。相关研究表明，血清中ALT水平能够准确反映肝脏是否受损，且无论某种因素引起ALT浓度升高，均可视为机体肝脏功能出现异常，是体现肝脏功能的一项重要指标[36-37]。AST是动物体内氨基酸合成与分解过程中起重要作用的一类酶，主要在催化天冬氨酸与α-酮戊二酸生成草酰乙酸和谷氨酸的反应中起氨基转移作用[38]。在本研究中，血清中ALT的活性试验组Ⅰ > 对照组 > 试验组Ⅱ；血清中AST的活性试验组Ⅰ > 试验组Ⅱ > 对照组。说明为甘肃高山细毛羊育成母羊饲喂小麦型或玉米型秸秆颗粒饲料，对其肝脏功能与心血管健康无不利影响，同时能够增强机体氨基酸代谢。LDH是参与糖酵解过程中的一种重要酶，存在于各组织器官中，主要分布在细胞的胞质液中，能够催化L-乳酸转化为丙酮酸，其逆反应又可调节机体内还原性辅酶Ⅰ (NADH2)和氧化性辅酶Ⅰ (NAD)的比率[39-40]，血清中LDH水平在一定程度上反映机体应对外界刺激的能力，同一条件下，LDH水平越低则应激能力越强。在本研究中，血清中LDH的活性试验组Ⅰ > 试验组Ⅱ > 对照组，饲喂玉米秸秆组(422.00 U·L–1)与何春波等[41]研究中测得的育成母羊LDH水平(434.88 U·L–1)相近，可能是由于育成母羊机体抗应激能力弱，血清中LDH水平本就维持在较高水平，也可能是由于两种秸秆颗粒饲料较传统补饲料能够提供更高的能量水平所致，需进一步研究。
4. 结论
综上所述，在肃南高寒牧区冬春季饲草空缺期和不足期，为甘肃高山细毛羊育成母羊饲喂玉米型秸秆全价颗粒饲料，可显著提高平均日增重和血清中总蛋白、球蛋白的含量，有效改善甘肃高山细毛羊育成母羊的生长发育状况，增强免疫机能，可替代传统燕麦草与整粒玉米。
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图 1 云南、贵州2011－2020年人口数量情况
Figure 1. Population situation of Yunnan and Guizhou provinces (2011－2020)
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图 2 云南、贵州2011－2020年GDP变化情况
Figure 2. Changes in GDP of Yunnan and Guizhou provinces (2011－2020)
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表 1 云贵高原主要湖泊概况
Table 1 Overview of main lakes in the Yunnan Guizhou Plateau
湖泊
Lake水质类别
Water quality
class水质
Water
quality是否达到水功能环境要求
To achieve the
function of water
environment营养状态
Nutritional
status2005－2015年湖泊表面
水体面积变化
Surface water area changes
of lakes (2005－2015)滇池草海
Caohai of Dianchi LakeⅣ类
Class Ⅳ轻度污染
Light pollution是
Yse中度富营养
Medium eutrophication增大
Increase滇池外海
Waihai of Dianchi LakeⅤ类
Class Ⅴ中度污染
Moderate pollution否
No中度富营养
Medium eutrophication阳宗海
Yangzonghai LakeⅢ类
Class Ⅲ良好
Good quality否
No中度富营养
Medium eutrophication缩小
Reduction洱海
Erhai LakeⅢ类
Class Ⅲ良好
Good quality否
No中度富营养
Medium eutrophication增大
Increase抚仙湖
Fuxian LakeⅠ类
Class Ⅰ优
High quality是
Yse贫营养
Oligotrophic缩小
Reduction星云湖
Xingyun LakeⅤ类
Class Ⅴ中度污染
Moderate pollution否
No中度富营养
Medium eutrophication缩小
Reduction杞麓湖
Qilu Lake劣Ⅴ类
Inferior class Ⅴ重度污染
Severe pollution否
No中度富营养
Medium eutrophication缩小
Reduction程海
Chenghai LakeⅣ类
Class Ⅳ轻度污染
Light pollution否
No中度富营养
Medium eutrophication缩小
Reduction泸沽湖
Lugu LakeⅠ类
Class Ⅰ优
High quality是
Yse贫营养
Oligotrophic缩小
Reduction异龙湖
Yilong LakeⅤ类
Class Ⅴ中度污染
Moderate pollution否
No中度富营养
Medium eutrophication缩小
Reduction
下载: 导出CSV
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