黄河上游白河干流全段植物群落特征及生物多样性

李红霖; 贺丽; 吴科君; 鄢武先; 邓东周; 陈德朝; 刘思泽; 文智猷

doi:10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2022-0303

黄河上游白河干流全段植物群落特征及生物多样性

四川省林业科学研究院, 四川成都 610081

基金项目: 四川省科技厅基本科研项目(2022JBKY05)

摘要: 近年来，若尔盖高原地区弯曲河流横向迁移现象越来越突出，河道两岸带状成型淤积体(点边滩)越来越多，侵蚀农牧民草地资源越来越严重，区域水源涵养功能受到显著影响，一定程度上，威胁到黄河上游地区的生态安全、生物多样性保护和畜牧业经济的发展，探索点边滩治理方案迫在眉睫。本研究以黄河上游白河干流全段岸线植被群落为研究对象，采用典型样地法，在白河干流沿程凹凸岸设置典型样地，开展白河干流全段植物群落特征及生物多样性分析研究，以期揭示白河干流全段植物群落特征变化及植被因子在点边滩形成过程中的关键作用。结果表明：1)干流空间尺度：白河干流全段岸线植被群落共记录灌草藤植物26科70属88种，其中，灌木6科8属10种，草本21科62属77种，藤本1科1属1种；草本层是白河干流岸线高寒灌丛群落物种构成的主体，群落以中生、湿中生植物为建群种或优势种，随着白河干流沿程往下走，群落总体上呈现物种数、平均高度和平均盖度、草本层地上生物量逐渐增加，物种多样性逐渐下降的变化规律。2)凹凸岸空间特征：河岸带植被群落凹凸岸异质性表现较为明显，灌木层植被种类、物种多样性指数凸岸高于凹岸，草本层种类、草本层地上生物量、物种多样性均表现为凹岸高于凸岸，且凹凸岸在中下游的异质性表现高于上游。因此，在黄河上游地区的河岸滩治理中，应针对不同的河段采取不同的治理措施，尤其是放牧、采砂、城镇建设等人为活动的合理控制及河岸带植被在弯曲河流演变过程中的相互作用，同时对凹凸岸两个关键区域给予更多关注。

关键词:

English

Research on plant community characteristics and biodiversity in the whole section of the main stream of Baihe River in the upper reaches of the Yellow River

Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu 610081, Sichuan, China

Received Date: 2022-04-10
Accepted Date: 2022-06-26
Available Online: 2023-03-31
Publish Date: 2023-04-14

Abstract: Recently, the lateral migration of curved rivers in the Zoige Plateau has become more and more prominent, with the formation of more and more band-shaped formed silt bodies (point-side beaches) on both banks of the river. As a result, the erosion of farmers and herdsmen’s grassland resources has become increasingly severe. Regional water conservation function has been significantly affected, threatening the ecological security, biodiversity protection, and economic development of animal husbandry in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop a treatment scheme for point-side beaches. This study takes the vegetation community along the whole section of the main stream of Baihe River in the upper reaches of the Yellow River as the research object. Using the typical sample plot method, typical sample plots were set along the concave and convex banks of the main stream of Baihe River to evaluate the characteristics and biodiversity of the plant community in the whole section of the main stream of Baihe River. Changes were identified in plant community characteristics along the section of the main stream of Baihe River, as well as the key role of vegetation factors in the formation of point-side beaches. The results showed that 1) spatial scale of trunk line: the vegetation community of the entire coastline of the main stream of the Baihe River has a total of 88 species of shrubs, grasses and vines, 70 genera, and 26 families, including 6 families, 8 genera, and 10 species of shrubs; 21 families, 62 genera, and 77 species of herbs; 1 family, 1 genus, and 1 species of Lianas. The herbaceous layer was the main body of species composition of the alpine shrub community on the shoreline of the main stream of the Baihe River. The plant population comprises mesophytes and wet mesophytes as the constructive species or dominant species. The community species, average height and coverage, and aboveground biomass of the herbaceous layer generally showed a gradual increase, and the species diversity showed a gradual decline; 2) spatial characteristics of concave and convex banks: the heterogeneity of the vegetation community in the riparian zone was marked. The vegetation types and species diversity index of the shrub layer were higher than those of the concave bank. Aboveground biomass and species diversity were higher in concave banks than in convex banks, and the heterogeneity of concave and convex banks in the middle and lower reaches was higher than that in the upstream. Therefore, different management measures should be employed for different river sections in the regulation of riparian beaches in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. In particular, the reasonable control of human activities, such as grazing, sand mining, and urban construction, and the interaction of riparian vegetation in the evolution of curved rivers should be reasonably managed. Lastly, attention should be paid to the two key areas of concave and convex banks.

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[41]	李良涛. 农田边界和居民庭院植物多样性分布格局及植被营建. 北京: 中国农业大学博士学位论文, 2014. LI L T. Distribution pattern of plant diversity and vegeta-tion construction in field margins and homegarden. PhD Thesis. Beijing: China Agricultural University, 2014.

图 1 研究区地理位置图及采样点

Figure 1. Map of the study area and location of sampling points

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图 2 白河干流全段岸线植被群落物种科数占比

Figure 2. Proportion of all families of the communities in riparian zones along the channel of the Baihe River

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图 3 白河干流全段/凹凸岸植被群落的高度、盖度

不同小写字母表示同一植被不同河段生境间的差异显著(P < 0.05)；不同大写字母表示同一植被凹凸岸生境间的差异显著(P < 0.05)。

Figure 3. Height and coverage of communities on the slip-off banks and in riparian zones along the channel of the Baihe River

Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among habitats in different reaches at the 0.05 level; different capital letters indicate significant differences among habitats on slip-off/undercut bank at the 0.05 level.

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图 4 白河干流全段岸线草本植物地上生物量变化

不同小写字母表示不同河段生境间的差异显著(P < 0.05)。

Figure 4. Variation in herbaceous biomass in riparian zones along the channel of the Baihe River

Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among habitats in different reaches at the 0.05 level.

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图 5 白河干流全段凹岸植被群落物种多样性

不同小写字母表示同一植被不同河段生境间的差异显著(P < 0.05)；图6同。

Figure 5. Species diversity on the slip-off banks in riparian zones along the channel of the Baihe River

Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among habitats in different reaches at the 0.05 level. This is applicable for Figure 6 as well.

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图 6 白河干流全段凸岸植被群落物种多样性

Figure 6. Species diversity on the undercut banks in riparian zones along the channel of the Baihe River

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图 7 白河干流全段凹凸岸植被群落物种多样性

不同大写字母表示同一指标凹凸岸生境间的差异显著(P < 0.05)。

Figure 7. Species diversity on the slip-off and undercut banks in riparian zones along the channel of the Baihe River

Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences among habitats on slip-off / undercut bank at the 0.05 level.

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图 8 白河干流全段草本层物种多样性与相关因子的RDA分析

○和数字代表采样点，编号与表1对应。

Figure 8. RDA analysis of species diversity and related factors of herbaceous layer in riparian zones along the channel of the Baihe River

○ and numbers in the figure represent sampling points, and the numbers correspond to Table 1.

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图 9 采样点与国道248的距离

LR：龙日乡；AQ：安曲镇；QX：邛溪镇；AM：阿木乡；WC：瓦切镇；TK：唐克镇。横坐标数字与本研究表1样地编号一致。

Figure 9. Distance between the sampling point and National Highway 248

LR: Longri Township; AQ: Anqu town; QX: Qiongxi town; AM: Amu Township; WC: Wache Township; TK: Tangke Town. The abscissa number is consistent with the sample plot number in Table 1.

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表 1 样地概况

Table 1 Details of the sample plots

生境类型 Habitat type		样地 Sample plot	经纬度 Longitude and latitude	海拔 Altitude/m
河段 Studied reaches	凹凸岸 Slip-off/undercut bank	样地 Sample plot	经纬度 Longitude and latitude	海拔 Altitude/m
上游 Upper reaches	凹岸 Slip-off bank	1	32°16′59.964″ N, 102°24′47.639″ E	3 800
		2	32°19′17.561″ N, 102°25′39.714″ E	3 710
		3	32°24′17.755″ N, 102°24′29.689″ E	3 599
	凸岸 Undercut bank	4	32°17′3.758″ N, 102°24′48.518″ E	3 798
		5	32°19′12.308″ N, 102°25′40.332″ E	3 711
		6	32°24′14.298″ N, 102°24′30.065″ E	3 601
中游 Middle reaches	凹岸 Slip-off bank	7	32°40′24.576″ N, 102°20′25.219″ E	3 510
		8	32°47′36.082″ N, 102°27′51.556″ E	3 493
		9	32°55′48.497″ N, 102°37′10.249″ E	3 475
	凸岸 Undercut bank	10	32°40′35.507″ N, 102°20′15.911″ E	3 510
		11	32°47′46.973″ N, 102°27′43.831″ E	3 494
		12	32°55′37.160″ N, 102°37′39.990″ E	3 477
下游 Lower reaches	凹岸 Slip-off bank	13	33°11′37.039″ N, 102°34′39.868″ E	3 447
		14	33°17′59.492″ N, 102°30′16.453″ E	3 444
		15	33°22′25.224″ N, 102°29′7.220″ E	3 436
	凸岸 Undercut bank	16	33°11′9.694″ N, 102°34′16.693″ E	3 447
		17	33°16′47.729″ N, 102°29′18.209″ E	3 439
		18	33°21′4.500″ N, 102°28′36.224″ E	3 437

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表 2 白河干流全段岸线植被群落科属种统计

Table 2 Data of families, genera, and species of communities in riparian zones along the channel of the Baihe River

层次 Layer	生境类型 Habitat type		科数 Family	属数 Genera	物种数 Species
层次 Layer	河段 Studied reaches	凹凸岸 Slip-off/undercut bank	科数 Family	属数 Genera	物种数 Species
灌木层 Shrub layer	上游 Upper reaches	凹岸 Slip-off bank	3	5	7
	上游 Upper reaches	凸岸 Undercut bank	6	8	10
	中游 Middle reaches	凹岸 Slip-off bank	4	4	5
	中游 Middle reaches	凸岸 Undercut bank	5	6	7
	下游 Lower reaches	凹岸 Slip-off bank	3	3	3
	下游 Lower reaches	凸岸 Undercut bank	5	5	6
草本层 Herbaceous layer	上游 Upper reaches	凹岸 Slip-off bank	15	34	40
	上游 Upper reaches	凸岸 Undercut bank	15	35	40
	中游 Middle reaches	凹岸 Slip-off bank	16	32	37
	中游 Middle reaches	凸岸 Undercut bank	16	23	26
	下游 Lower reaches	凹岸 Slip-off bank	16	35	41
	下游 Lower reaches	凸岸 Undercut bank	15	31	40
藤本层 Lianaceous layer	上游 Upper reaches	凹岸 Slip-off bank
	上游 Upper reaches	凸岸 Undercut bank
	中游 Middle reaches	凹岸 Slip-off bank
	中游 Middle reaches	凸岸 Undercut bank	1	1	1
	下游 Lower reaches	凹岸 Slip-off bank
	下游 Lower reaches	凸岸 Undercut bank

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表 3 白河干流全段岸线植被群落优势种变化

Table 3 Variation in dominant species in riparian zones along the channel of the Baihe River

层次 Layer	生境类型 Habitat type		优势种及其重要值 Variation in dominant species and their important value
层次 Layer	河段 Studied reaches	凹凸岸 Slip-off/undercut bank
灌木层 Shrub layer	上游 Upper reaches	凹岸 Slip-off bank	金露梅(22.353 8) + 奇花柳(21.362 7) + 山生柳(13.433 4)
		凹岸 Slip-off bank	Potentilla fruticose (22.353 8) + Salix atopantha (21.362 7) + Salix oritrepha (13.433 4)
		凸岸 Undercut bank	杯腺柳(28.809 7) + 金露梅(15.527 1) + 奇花柳(15.097 1)
		凸岸 Undercut bank	Salix cupularis (28.809 7) + Potentilla fruticose (15.527 1) + Salix atopantha (15.097 1)
	中游 Middle reaches	凹岸 Slip-off bank	沙棘(41.639 2) + 奇花柳(39.930 9) + 金露梅(8.432 2)
		凹岸 Slip-off bank	Hippophae rhamnoides (41.639 2) + Salix atopantha (39.930 9) + Potentilla fruticose (8.432 2)
		凸岸 Undercut bank	奇花柳(35.514 1) + 杯腺柳(15.502 5) + 沙棘(12.937 0)
		凸岸 Undercut bank	Salix atopantha (35.514 1) + Salix cupularis (15.502 5) + Hippophae rhamnoides (12.937 0)
	下游 Lower reaches	凹岸 Slip-off bank	杯腺柳(42.394 4) + 金露梅(29.961 2) + 沙棘(27.644 4)
		凹岸 Slip-off bank	Salix cupularis (42.394 4) + Potentilla fruticose (29.961 2) + Hippophae rhamnoides (27.644 4)
		凸岸 Undercut bank	奇花柳(41.311 6) + 杯腺柳(15.529 5) + 沙棘(15.487 1)
		凸岸 Undercut bank	Salix atopantha (41.311 6) + Salix cupularis (15.529 5) + Hippophae rhamnoides (15.487 1)
草本层 Herbaceous layer	上游 Upper reaches	凹岸 Slip-off bank	矮生嵩草(12.052 0) + 甘肃嵩草(7.401 7) + 线叶嵩草(6.264 2)
		凹岸 Slip-off bank	Kobresia humilis (12.052 0) + Kobresia kansuensis (7.401 7) + Kobresia capillifolia (6.264 2)
		凸岸 Undercut bank	甘肃嵩草(12.263 2) + 银叶蕨麻(11.704 8) + 矮生嵩草(6.342 4)
		凸岸 Undercut bank	Kobresia kansuensis (12.263 2) + Argentina leuconota (11.704 8) + Kobresia humilis (6.342 4)
	中游 Middle reaches	凹岸 Slip-off bank	蕨麻(12.214 6) + 高山藨草(11.758 2) + 矮生嵩草(6.316 2)
		凹岸 Slip-off bank	Argentina anserina (12.214 6) + Scirpus paniculatocorymbosus (11.758 2) + Kobresia humilis (6.316 2)
		凸岸 Undercut bank	甘肃嵩草(24.021 2) + 珠芽蓼(7.894 3) + 蕨麻(7.043 1)
		凸岸 Undercut bank	Kobresia kansuensis (24.021 2) + Polygonum viviparum (7.894 3) + Argentina anserina (7.043 1)
	下游 Lower reaches	凹岸 Slip-off bank	甘肃嵩草(12.150 2) + 垂穗披碱草(9.105 0) + 宽叶蒿(7.804 6)
		凹岸 Slip-off bank	Kobresia kansuensis (12.150 2) + Elymus nutans (9.105 0) + Artemisia latifolia (7.804 6)
		凸岸 Undercut bank	垂穗披碱草(22.707 3) + 蕨麻(7.385 7) + 甘肃嵩草(6.366 6)
		凸岸 Undercut bank	Elymus nutans (22.707 3) + Argentina anserina (7.385 7) + Kobresia kansuensis (6.366 6)

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表 4 白河干流全段草本层物种多样性解释力度

Table 4 Explanatory power of species diversity of herbaceous layer in riparian zones along the channel of the Baihe River

因子 Factor	解释力度排序 Rank order of explanatory variables	因子所占解释量	F	P
因子 Factor	解释力度排序 Rank order of explanatory variables	Variance explains of factors/%	F	P
海拔 Altitude	Ⅰ	81.5	15.4	0.004^**
物种数 Species	Ⅱ	10.2	2.1	0.098^*
湿宽 Channel wet width	Ⅲ	2.8	0.5	0.484
平均高度 Height	Ⅳ	2.8	0.5	0.484
平均盖度 Coverage	Ⅴ	2.3	0.4	0.540
降水量 Precipitation	Ⅵ	0.4	< 0.1	0.814
，P < 0.1；*，P < 0.05.

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表 5 红原县2019－2021年各乡镇牲畜存栏量

Table 5 Livestock stock in each township of Hongyuan County from 2019 to 2021 头 Head

乡(镇) Township (Town)	2019				2020				2021
乡(镇) Township (Town)	总 Total	牛 Cattle	马 Horse	羊 Sheep	总 Total	牛 Cattle	马 Horse	羊 Sheep	总 Total	牛 Cattle	马 Horse	羊 Sheep
瓦切乡 Wache Township	95491	93630	1861	0	85939	84118	1821	0	74277	72642	1635	0
色地镇 Sedi Town	87496	84126	3370	0	76293	73614	2679	0	66081	63413	2668	0
安曲镇 Anqu Town	85153	77942	2509	4702	75541	68400	2579	4562	65870	59411	2682	3777
麦洼乡 Maiwa Township	76727	74448	2279	0	67204	65047	2157	0	58019	55974	2045	0
邛溪镇 Qiongxi Town	72485	70318	1227	940	63272	61306	996	970	54566	52702	868	996
查尔玛乡 Chalma Township	60679	58612	2087	0	52664	50964	1700	0	45651	43958	1693	0
阿木乡 Amu Township	51568	48322	1952	1294	45036	42169	1573	1294	39553	36518	1728	1307
龙日乡 Longri Township	50883	48658	1783	442	45698	43647	1508	543	39550	37263	1629	658
江茸乡 Jiangrong Township	38757	33142	1966	3649	33336	28155	1532	3649	28235	24378	1080	2777
刷经寺镇 Shujingsi Town	35822	32443	3228	151	31140	28297	2712	131	26546	24152	2291	103

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黄河上游白河干流全段植物群落特征及生物多样性

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Research on plant community characteristics and biodiversity in the whole section of the main stream of Baihe River in the upper reaches of the Yellow River

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