Possible factors that caused weed-induced harm to Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis) in Nanjing Zhongshan International Golf Course

Based on a survey conducted from 2000 to 2016 on weed species and their population change and by combining the practical experience of weed control in Nanjing Zhongshan International Golf Course, this study aimed to determine the possible factors that are responsible for weed-induced harm to Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis). The authors considered the following aspects: 1) Geographical (natural): Neighboring Zhongshan mountain national park with high species diversity; 2) Geographical (farmland): Species seed bank change due to multiple cultivation practices; and 3) New turf varieties introduced from different places; and 4) Those introduced during turf maintenance. This paper demonstrated that the unique geographical location, along with human socio-economic activities interfere with ecosystems and exacerbate the increasing diversity and abundance of weed seed bank present in turf substrates. This continuously expanding weed seed bank is the key external factor that causes persistent damage to Bermudagrass. In accordance with the " proactive approach for turf weeds control” and weed control practices of golf courses, the authors propose a blueprint to set up weed prevention and control database, adjust turf maintenance strategies, cut off the channels of weeds reproduction, prioritize bio-control over herbicide, and to guard against herbicide resistance in turf grass.