Nitrous oxide release from grassland driven by livestock excreta and its influencing factors

Livestock excreta represent a major source of nitrous oxide (N₂O), the emission of which makes a significant contribution to the greenhouse effect. In this review, based on available knowledge, we summarize the N₂O release process driven by livestock excreta and the associated driving factors. The input of livestock excreta to the soil results in changes in the microbial processes of nitrification and denitrification, and denitrification of nitrifying bacteria, thereby regulating the production and release of N₂O. These processes can be affected by the type of excreta, soil physicochemical properties, and plant characteristics. On the basis of current research, we propose suggestions for the focus and direction of further research on N₂O emissions.