A review of soil microorganism functions in soil improvement and remediation

The utilization of microorganisms for soil improvement and remediation, which subsequently enhances vegetation restoration, is an economical, efficient, and environmentally friendly approach. Currently, a diverse array of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, has been successfully and widely applied in soil improvement and remediation, demonstrating promising application prospects. To provide a valuable reference for utilization of microorganisms, this paper reviews the roles of soil microorganisms in soil improvement and remediation, summarizes the types and functions of microbes applicable to soil remediation, and elucidates the mechanisms of remediation. These mechanisms include the direct effects via promoting soil nutrient cycling, improving soil structure and texture, and reducing soil pollution as well as the indirect enhancement of the soil environment via nutrient supply for plants, plant growth promotion, and increased plant stress resistance. These microorganisms are typically applied in the forms of microbial inoculants and fertilizers. Finally, we address the challenges encountered in current applications and propose solutions, while also outlining prospects for further research directions.