Advances in extrinsic functional genes transformation of turfgrasses

Genetic transformation technology in turfgrasses has greatly developed. Some extrinsic functional genes, including herbicide, disease, insect, drought, salinity, low temperature, high temperature, and/or heavy metal tolerant genes, had been transformed into various turfgrasses and transgenic plants with enhanced tolerance had also been obtained. Selecting more key genes based on tolerance mechanisms, transformation of the genes about dwarfing turfgrasses and efficiently absorbing nutrients, combining transgenic technology with conventional breeding technology, and assessing security of transgenic turfgrasses are important directions in the future.