Watch out the weed transformed from unwanted turf growing in cultivated golf turf

he paper puts forward the concept of Watch out the weed transformed from unwanted turf growing in cultivated golf turf, based on a study conducted on 102 golf courses in China during 1999 and 2009. The observation indicated that there were 15 kinds of such 'transformed weed' in cultivated golf turf in China. 1) Weedy turf in bermudagrass, 2) Bermudagrass in seashore paspalum, 3) Bermudagrass in zoysia grass, 4) Tall fescue in bermudagrass, 5) Seashore paspalum in bermudagrass, 6) Ryegrass in seashore paspalum, 7) Ryegrass in bermudagrass, 8) Seashore paspalum in zoysia grass, 9) Kentucky bluegrass in tall fescue, 10) Bentgrass in bermudagrass, 11) Tall fescue in kentucky bluegrass, 12) Bermudagrass in tall fescue, 13) Bentgrass in seashore paspalum, 14) Tall fescue in seashore paspalum and 15) Bentgrass in kentucky bluegrass. The idea that the weed transformed from unwanted turf growing in cultivated golf turf means the following: the weed was a kind of turf originally, but later becomes invasive and outcompetes the cultivated turf and therefore becomes weedy. The weed was growing in cultivated turf in the special plot of golf course. This transformed weed on the cultivated golf turf can affect golfers performance in competition. Through analyzed 5 aspects to which the weed maybe harmful: public health, the appearance of golf course, performance of the golfer, cost of turf maintenance and turf lifespan. The author proposed 5 possible factors which may have caused the occurrence of such weed on golf turf. There were biological invasion, competition between turf, herbicide resistance, improper application of agrichemicals and climate change. Seven strategies were proposed for controlling the weed: maintenance control, quarantine control, ecological control, biological control, substitute control, predicting control and chemical control.