新疆伊犁地区草地土壤全碳含量空间格局分析

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周李磊, 朱华忠, 钟华平, 杨华. 新疆伊犁地区草地土壤全碳含量空间格局分析. 草业科学, 2016,33(10):1963-1974
Zhou Li-lei, Zhu Hua-zhong, Zhong Hua-ping, Yang Hua. Spatial analysis of the soil total carbon in Ili, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Pratacultural Science,2016,33(10): 1963-1974 复制到剪切板

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《草业科学》编辑部

新疆伊犁地区草地土壤全碳含量空间格局分析

周李磊^1,², 朱华忠¹, 钟华平³, 杨华²

1.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所资源与环境信息系统国家重点实验室,北京 100101

2.重庆师范大学地理与旅游学院三峡库区地表过程与环境遥感重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400047

3.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所陆地表层格局与模拟院重点实验室,北京 100101

钟华平(1964-),男,江西兴国人,副研究员,硕士,主要从事草地资源与草地生态研究。E-mail:[email protected]

第一作者:周李磊(1989-),男,江苏东海人,在读博士生,主要从事资源环境遥感与GIS应用研究。E-mail:[email protected]

收稿日期: 2016-05-10

基金: 科技部国家科技基础性工作专项(2012FY111900-2、2011FY110400-3)国家科技基础条件平台——地球系统科学数据共享平台(2005DKA32300)

摘要

为了研究伊犁地区草地土壤碳库的空间分布规律,本研究基于146个草地样地的土壤全碳含量实测数据,结合遥感及气象数据,并利用地理学相关分析方法,构建土壤全碳含量空间化模型,分析了伊犁地区草地不同土壤深度全碳含量空间格局特征,并对影响土壤全碳含量分布的主要因素进行探讨。结果表明,1)伊犁地区草地不同土壤深度(0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40 cm和4个土层均值)的全碳含量与海拔、年均气温、≥10 ℃年积温和8月份NDVI极显著相关( P<0.01),与年均降水和湿润度显著相关( P<0.05),以这6个生态要素建立土壤全碳含量空间化模型,反演得到空间分辨率1 km的不同草地深度土壤全碳含量空间格局分布数据,检验结果表明空间化结果精度较高。2)伊犁地区草地0-40 cm土层土壤全碳平均含量为4.251 9%,并随着土层深度的增加,草地土壤全碳含量呈下降趋势。3)伊犁地区空间化结果反映不同深度土壤全碳含量空间格局存在差异,土壤全碳含量最小值出现在伊犁河沿岸两侧及特克斯河与伊犁河交汇处人类活动密集的区域,最大值均出现在南、北天山两侧,并沿着伊犁河向两侧高海拔区域逐渐增加。4)伊犁地区草地不同深度土壤全碳含量空间分布规律与草地类型分布规律一致;人为活动干扰(过度放牧、盲目开垦)对草地土壤全碳含量影响较大。

关键词: 土壤全碳; 空间格局; 地统计学; 草地; 伊犁地区

中图分类号:S812.2 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-0629(2016)10-1963-12 doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0745

Spatial analysis of the soil total carbon in Ili, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China

Zhou Li-lei^1,², Zhu Hua-zhong¹, Zhong Hua-ping³, Yang Hua²

1.State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Researches, CAS, Beijing 100101,China

2.Chongqing Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Environmental Remote Sensing in Three Gorges; Reservoir Area, College of Geographical and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China

3.Key Laboratory of Land SurfacePattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China

Corresponding author: Zhong Hua-ping E-mail:[email protected]

Abstract

Currently, the studies of soil total carbon of grassland are mainly focused on traditional statistical analysis based on survey data and spatial analysis of soil total carbon are limited. The present study attempted to apply multi-source data including field survey soil total carbon data, remote sensing data and meteorological data obtained from 146 grassland sampling plots by using geostatistics to study the spatial analysis of soil total carbon data in the Ili region, located at the northwest margin of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The results show that there was a significant correlation between the total carbon content from various depths (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 cm and the mean of four soil depths) and altitude, average annual temperature, annual precipitation, ≥10 ℃ annual accumulated temperature, humidity and NDVI. A comprehensive evaluation model was established using this six ecological factors, and the spatial distribution pattern of grassland soil total carbon content was inversed with 1 km spatial resolution. The soil total carbon content in 0-40 cm depth was 4.2519% and it decreased with the increase of soil depth. The results indicated that the spatial distribution of soil total carbon content in different depths significantly varied in areas of Ili. The total carbon content in high altitude region was higher than that of the river valley. The highest total carbon content was distributed on northern slopes of the Southern Tianshan mountains and southern slopes of Boluokenu mountains, and the lowest was found in intensive human activity areas, distributed in both sides of Ili river and interchange of the Teks River and the Ili River. The results indicated that the spatial distribution of soil total carbon content was correlated with the types of grassland in Ili, soil total carbon content significantly influenced by human activities, i.e. overgrazing, blind land reclamation.

Keyword: soil total carbon; spatial pattern; geostatistics; grassland; Ili region

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随着全球气候变暖日益加剧, 碳循环作为当前全球气候变化研究的核心问题^{[1, 2]}, 备受人们的关注, 而草地生态系统作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分, 在全球碳收支平衡中起重要作用^{[3, 4]}。中国天然草地面积4× 10⁸ hm², 占国土面积的41.7%, 主要分布在东北平原、内蒙古高原、黄土高原、青藏高原以及新疆山地^[4], 是中国最大的陆地生态系统^[5]。草地生态系统不具有明显的地上碳库, 其90%碳库储存在土壤中^[6], 其微弱变化均会对大气CO₂浓度产生巨大影响, 进而影响全球碳平衡格局^[7]。因此, 分析草地土壤碳素含量的空间变化过程及其影响机理对了解全球碳循环有着重要意义。

目前, 国内关于草地生态系统土壤碳库(包括有机碳库和无机碳库)的研究主要基于不同草地类型^{[8, 9, 10]}、不同利用方式^{[11, 12, 13]}、人为干扰强度^{[14, 15]}以及气候变化^[16]对土壤碳库的影响。不同植被类型对应的土壤碳含量差异明显, 对藏北高寒草地植被碳密度与碳贮量的研究^[17]发现, 不同草地间植被碳密度和碳贮量差异显著; 对黄土高原草地土壤有机碳含量研究^[18]发现, 有机碳含量最高的是高寒草甸, 其空间变异最大, 最小的是荒漠草原, 其变异最小。随着人口的增加, 草畜矛盾突出, 草地资源遭到破坏, 人为干扰活动严重影响草地生态系统的碳储量, 在科尔沁草原上^[19]研究发现, 围封草地土壤有机碳含量随着土层的加深呈递减的变化, 放牧地土壤有机碳含量不同土层间无显著差异; 在锡林郭勒地区研究^[20]发现, 放牧强度在短期内对典型草原植被土壤有机碳含量没有显著影响; 同时, 温度、降水等气候因素的变化对草地土壤碳库的积累产生重要影响, 杨红飞等^[21]对气候变化对草地系统土壤碳含量的影响进行了综述, 指出温度和降水对草地植物土壤碳库影响较大。伊犁地区位于新疆维吾尔自治区的西北部, 是新疆最湿润、降水最丰富、植被土壤发育最好的区域^[22], 作为新疆的重点牧区, 伊犁地区典型草地土壤无机碳含量随着海拔的升高而降低, 从土壤剖面垂直变化来看, 除高寒草甸随着土层深度的加深无明显变化外, 其它各类型草地无机碳含量均随着土层加深而增大^[23]; 而短期放牧对昭苏草甸草原土壤有机碳含量影响较小^[24]。这些研究成果从气候因子、植被因子和人为干扰因子等方面, 对土壤碳含量进行了较为全面的研究, 但都是基于经典统计方法, 不能准确地描述土壤碳素积累的空间异质性; 同时, 新疆伊犁地区属于半干旱区, 土壤无机碳库含量较高, 单一的研究土壤有机碳或者土壤无机碳都不能很好地反映伊犁地区的碳库分布情况。

基于此, 以新疆伊犁地区草地为研究对象, 利用地理学相关分析方法, 构建草地土壤全碳含量空间化模型, 分析土壤碳库空间分布规律, 以期为进一步开展伊犁地区草地土壤的碳循环研究奠定基础。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究区概况

伊犁地区(42° 14'16″-44° 53'30″ N, 80° 09'42″-84° 56'50″ E), 位于欧亚大陆腹地, 北与新疆境内的博尔塔拉蒙古自治州接壤, 南与阿克苏地区的拜城、温宿县隔山相望, 东北与塔城地区的乌苏县相连, 东南与巴音郭勒蒙古自治州的和静县相邻, 西与哈萨克共和国交界。区辖1市7县和1个自治县, 分别为伊宁市、伊宁县、霍城县、尼勒克县、巩留县、新源县、特克斯县、昭苏县和察布查尔锡伯自治县, 总面积55 848.23 km²。伊犁地区东、南、北三面高山环绕, 地势东高西低, 东窄西宽, 呈楔形向西敞开, 来自西部里海的湿润水汽和巴尔喀什湖的暖流沿伊犁河长驱直入谷地深处^[25], 形成了温带大陆性半干旱气候区。独特的地形地貌使得伊犁地区降水充沛, 境内有伊犁河、喀什河和特克斯河3条主要河流, 年均降水量为200~800 mm, 年均气温为2.9~9.1 ℃, 年均日照时数为2 700~3 000 h^[26], 是新疆最湿润的地区, 素有“ 中亚湿岛” 之称。新疆伊犁地区自然条件优越, 农、牧业发展优势明显, 农畜产品丰富, 是新疆的粮仓和全国著名的牧场。伊犁地区天然草地类型主要有温性草甸草原类、温性草原类、温性荒漠草原类、温性荒漠类、低地草甸类、山地草甸类和高寒草甸类, 天然草地面积约为3.71× 10⁶ hm², 占新疆草地资源的6.38%, 其产草量以及载畜能力均处于全疆最好水平^{[27, 28]}。

1.2 数据来源及处理

1.2.1 样品采集与测定综合考虑伊犁地区草地类型的分布特点、草地利用方式和利用强度等, 在全区范围内设置了146个草地样地(图1), 于2013年7月-9月对全部样地进行实地GPS定位, 同步记录经纬度坐标、海拔和利用方式, 依据代表性原则, 选择代表整个样地植被、地形及土壤等特征的地段, 设置3个样方, 在完成草地样方调查的基础上, 清理样方土壤表面的植物残留物和杂质, 用土钻在0-40 cm土壤内每隔10 cm取土, 即0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40 cm, 带回实验室自然晾干后, 去除植物根系及砾石后, 用研钵磨碎过149 μ m筛。全碳(TC)含量由中科院植物研究所采用干烧法, 运用元素分析仪vario MACRO cube测得。

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	图1 伊犁地区位置及样点分布Fig.1 The location of Ili area and distribution of sample sites

1.2.2 遥感数据研究区内中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer, MODIS)产品数据, 主要是指归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI), 数据来源于美国地质调查局(http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov)的成品数据产品(MOD 13Q1), 数据采集的时间为2013年8月11日, 用MODIS Reprojection Tool(MRT)拼接转投影, 空间分辨率1 km。

1.2.3 气候数据包括1957-2012年伊犁地区的年均气温、年均降雨量、≥ 10 ℃年积温、湿润度(伊万诺夫湿润度^[28]), 根据气象站点实测数据, 运用ANUSPLIN专业气象插值软件, 空间插值得到, 空间分辨率1 km。

1.2.4 其它数据数字高程模型(DEM)从国家地球系统科学数据共享平台(www.geodata.cn)下载, 空间分辨率30 m; 伊犁地区草地类型数据为20世纪80年代全国草地调查1∶ 100万草地类型图矢量数据。

1.3 分析方法

1.3.1 生态要素的选取从影响土壤碳积累的气候、地形和植被因素考虑, 选取年均气温、年均降水量、≥ 10 ℃年积温、湿润度、海拔和NDVI这6个生态要素, 来评价草地土壤全碳的空间分布情况。

1.3.2 数据分析将土壤全碳含量数据按0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40 cm分层统计, 0-40 cm取0-10、10-20、20-30和30-40 cm 4层土壤全碳含量的均值。按照样地编号, 将能被3整除的取出, 每层共48个样地数据作为检验数据, 剩下的98个样地数据作为分析统计基础数据; 删除明显异常点, 最终每层得到41个检验数据和93个分析数据, 每层共134个有效数据; 利用ArcGIS 10.3软件对样点数据及生态要素数据做数据提取及空间化表达, 用Origin 9.1进行土壤全碳与各生态要素间的相关回归分析及制图, 建立回归方程, 探讨不同土壤深度全碳含量与各生态要素间的相互关系。

1.3.3 土壤全碳含量空间化模型确定各生态要素对土壤全碳的权重, 构建了多元数据的土壤全碳含量空间化模型:

P= $\begin{matrix} \overset{6}{\sum_{i = 1}} \end{matrix}$ w_iy_i (1)

w_i= $\begin{matrix} \frac{R e_{i}}{\overset{6}{\sum_{i = 1}} R e_{i}} \end{matrix}$ (2)

Re_i= $\begin{matrix} \frac{R_{i}^{2}}{(1 - K_{i})^{2}} \end{matrix}$ (3)

式中, P表示土壤全碳, w_i表示某种生态要素对土壤全碳的影响权重, y_i表示某种生态要素的与土壤全碳的回归方程, 即生态要素与实测土壤全碳回归所得到的土壤全碳预测值, i=1、2……6, 表示6个生态要素; Re表示比值; R²表示反演结果与实测结果的复相关系数, R²越大, 表示反演结果与实测结果拟合度越高; K表示离散程度, 即实际测定值和反演值回归模型的斜率, K越接近1说明反演结果越和实测结果一致。

1.3.4 空间化结果精度评价方法空间化结果精度通过41组检验数据与空间化模型计算结果进一步计算均方根误差(root mean square error, RMSE)、偏离度(E)和相关系数(R)来检验^[29]。

RMSE= $\begin{matrix} \sqrt{\frac{\overset{n}{\sum_{j = 1}} (x_{j} - y_{j})^{2}}{n}} \end{matrix}$ (4)

E= $\begin{matrix} \frac{RMSE}{\bar{y}} \end{matrix}$ × 100% (5)

R= $\begin{matrix} \frac{\overset{n}{\sum_{j = 1}} (x_{j} - \bar{x}) (y_{j} - \bar{y})}{\sqrt{\overset{n}{\sum_{j = 1}} (x_{j} {- \bar{x})}^{2} (y_{j} {- \bar{y})}^{2}}} \end{matrix}$ (6)

式中, x_j、y_j、 $\begin{matrix} \bar{x} \end{matrix}$ 和 $\begin{matrix} \bar{y} \end{matrix}$ 分别表示土壤全碳含量的实测值、预测值、实测值平均值和预测值平均值, n为样本数量; RMSE越小, 表示拟合效果越好; E越小, 表示分析结果越接近真实值。R取值为0~1, 其值越接近1, 数据一致性越好, 其可信度越高。

2 结果与分析

2.1 草地土壤全碳含量与生态要素回归分析

分别建立草地不同土壤深度全碳含量与海拔、年均气温、年均降水量、≥ 10 ℃年积温、湿润度和NDVI的回归方程。由于篇幅所限, 以4个土层土壤全碳含量均值(0-40 cm)为例, 回归方程如图2所示。其中, 土壤全碳含量与海拔、年均气温、≥ 10 ℃年积温和湿润度呈抛物线状分布趋势, 与年均降水和NDVI呈逐步递增趋势。

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	图2 草地土壤全碳含量均值与生态要素的回归分析Fig.2 Regression analysis of the soil total carbon with different ecological factors

回归分析结果显示(表1), 草地土壤全碳含量(0-40 cm)与海拔、年均气温、≥ 10 ℃年积温、8月份NDVI呈极显著相关关系(P< 0.01), 草地土壤全碳含量(0-40 cm)与年均降水、湿润度呈显著相关关系(P< 0.05); 草地土壤全碳含量(0-40 cm)与NDVI和海拔的协相关系数最大, R²分别为0.446和0.461, 草地土壤全碳含量(0-40 cm)与年均降水的协相关系数最小, R²为0.226, 但草地土壤全碳含量(0-40 cm)与生态要素的回归分析全部满足99%可信度的F检验, 说明草地土壤全碳含量(0-40 cm)与生态要素的相关关系成立且非常显著, 线性回归拟合的方程是有意义的。

表1 土壤全碳含量均值与生态要素的回归分析结果 Table 1 Test of regression analysis between soil total content and ecological factors

2.2 生态评价因子权重的确定

根据0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40和0-40 cm土壤全碳含量与6个生态要素的回归方程, 分别进行单要素草地全碳含量空间反演, 提取参与分析的93个样点所对应的反演结果, 与样点实测数据进行线性拟合, 计算拟合方程斜率k和复相关系数R², 按照公式(2)和公式(3)计算各生态要素的权重(表2)。

表2 不同草地土壤深度生态要素权重 Table 2 Ecological factors weight at different soil depth

2.3 草地土壤全碳含量空间化

按照土壤全碳含量空间化模型, 在ArcGIS中加权反演伊犁地区草地土壤全碳含量空间格局分布, 用伊犁地区草地类型矢量数据掩膜裁剪出草地区域, 排除非草地区域(包括伊犁河两侧的大片耕地、天山和博罗科努山山脊的裸岩以及居住用地等非草地区域)对空间化结果的影响, 最终得到伊犁地区草地不同土壤深度全碳含量的空间格局分布(图3)。

2.4 草地土壤全碳含量评价结果检验

在0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40 cm这4个土壤层之间, 30-40 cm土层的均方根误差相对较小, 为0.75%, 壤层的偏离度最大, 为26.66%, 平均预测精度达到73.34%; 0-10, 10-20 cm土层的复相关系数全部大于0.60, 30-40 cm土层复相关系数最小, 只有0.42(表3)。整体上(0-40 cm), 空间化结果与实测数据间的均方根误差为0.96%, 整体偏离度为23.33%, 平均预测精度达到76.67%, 复相关系数0.59, 整体上空间化结果精度较高。

表3 精度检验 Table 3 Testing of the accuracy

2.5 草地土壤全碳含量空间格局分析

伊犁地区全碳含量较低区域出现在霍城县南部、伊宁市南部, 察布查尔锡伯自治县北部、巩留县北部以及新源县西部的低海拔区域, 主要分布着温性荒漠类草地, 草地质量较差; 而与这些草地相邻的伊犁河沿岸两侧区域水土肥沃, 分布着大片耕地, 是伊犁地区主要的粮食产地, 也是主要城市的聚集地, 人类活动对草地的干扰较大; 全碳含量较高区域, 主要分布在南北天山两侧及中部高山区, 该区域主要是山地草甸类草地, 草地质量较好, 人类活动干扰较少。

其中, 0-10、10-20、20-30和30-40 cm土层的全碳含量空间分布格局显示。不同土壤深度草地土壤全碳含量空间格局分布差异明显, 土壤全碳含量最大值都出现在南、北天山两侧, 最小值出现在伊犁河沿岸两侧及特克斯河与伊犁河交汇处人类活动密集的区域, 土壤全碳含量沿着河流向两侧高山逐渐增加; 且随着土壤层深度的增加, 土壤全碳含量呈现出减少的趋势, 草地土壤全碳含量大于5%的区域在0-10 cm土层全碳空间分布最广, 10-20 cm土层相对减少, 20-30 cm土层近一步减少, 直到30-40 cm土层不存在土壤全碳含量大于5%的区域。

伊犁地区0-40 cm草地土壤全碳含量平均水平为4.251 9%, 其中, 0-10 cm土层草地土壤全碳含量平均水平为5.101 6%, 10-20 cm土层草地土壤全碳含量平均水平为4.538 7%, 20-30 cm土层草地土壤全碳含量平均水平为4.069 3%, 30-40 cm土层草地土壤全碳含量平均水平为3.535 1%(表4)。随着土层深度的增加, 草地土壤全碳含量呈下降趋势, 与空间格局分布规律一致。

不同深度不同草地类型的土壤全碳含量不同, 0-40 cm土层草地土壤全碳含量最高的是温性山地草甸, 为5.188 4%, 其次是温性草甸草原, 为4.882 3%, 最小的是温性荒漠类, 为1.899 6%。0-10、10-20、20-30和30-40 cm土层, 土壤全碳含量最高的是温性山地草甸, 土壤全碳含量分别为6.279 6%、5.547 9%、4.868 7%和4.207 4%; 其次是温性草甸草

表4 不同草地类型土壤全碳含量(%)统计结果 Table 4 Soil total carbon content(%)of different depths of different type grassland

原, 分别为5.835 2%、5.210 4%、4.614 1%和4.032 5%; 最小的是温性荒漠类, 分别为2.155 5%、1.950 9%、1.970 4%和1.917 7%。但不同草地类型土壤全碳含量在各深度土壤层里表现出相同的规律, 即温性山地草甸> 温性草甸草原> 高寒草甸> 改良草地> 温性草原> 温性荒漠草原> 温性荒漠。其中, 温性山地草甸、温性草甸草原、高寒草甸和改良草地这4类草地类型的土壤全碳含量在0-10、10-20和20-30 cm土层中, 大于各层平均值; 温性草原、温性荒漠草原和温性荒漠这3类小于各层平均值; 在30-40 cm土层中, 温性山地草甸、温性草甸草原、改良草地和温性草原这4类草地类型的土壤全碳含量大于全区平均值; 高寒草甸、温性荒漠草原和温性荒漠这3类小于全区平均值。

3 讨论

3.1 生态评价因子与草地土壤全碳含量的关系

土壤性质的空间异质性是地形、气候、植被、土壤母质以及外界干扰等因素共同作用的结果^{[29, 30, 31, 32]}。伊犁地区草地土壤全碳含量与海拔、年均气温、≥ 10 ℃年积温和8月份NDVI呈极显著相关关系(P< 0.01), 与年均降水和湿润度呈显著相关关系(P< 0.05); 随着海拔、年均温度、≥ 10 ℃年积温和湿润度的增加, 土壤全碳含量也呈现出先增加后减少的趋势; 随着降水和NDVI的增加, 土壤全碳含量呈现出正向增加的趋势。这是由于随着海拔的增高, 气温降低, 主要是温性山地草甸类草地, 草地植被覆盖度和生物量高, 地上生物量及地下根系生物量充足, 土壤有机碳分解比较慢, 根系和微生物活动弱^[23], 沉淀形成的碳酸钙少, 积累的有机质多^{[18, 30]}, 进而导致土壤全碳含量增加; 但海拔超过一定高度, 气温进一步降低, 主要是高寒草甸类草地, 草地植被长势较差, 地上生物量及地下根系生物量作为土壤全碳含量的来源相比其它区域减少^[13], 导致土壤全碳含量降低; 相对应的低海拔河谷地区气温高, 主要是温性荒漠类草地, 草地质量较差, 土壤有机碳分解较快, 不利于土壤有机碳的积累, 区域全碳含量以无机碳为主, 相比其它区域全碳含量减少。

3.2 不同草地类型对土壤全碳含量空间格局分布的影响

草地土壤全碳含量主要来源于地上生物量和地下根系生物量的归还^{[13, 14]}, 不同草地类型由于其土壤母质、凋落物分解程度以及构成时间的差异^[33], 致使不同草地类型土壤碳素含量的空间分布差异较大。内蒙古锡林郭勒地区土壤有机碳含量, 草甸草原> 典型草原> 荒漠草原^[20]; 三江源地区0-30 cm土层土壤有机碳含量, 高寒草甸> 高山草原^[34]; 黄土高原0-40 cm土层有机碳含量, 草甸草原> 典型草原> 森林草原> 荒漠草原^[18], 不同植被类型对土壤碳素含量的影响差异显著。

杨玉海等^[22]对伊犁地区土壤有机碳含量的研究表明, 高山草甸> 草甸草原> 荒漠草原> 沼泽类, 韩文娟等^[23]对伊犁地区土壤无机碳含量的研究表明, 温性荒漠> 温性荒漠草原> 温性草原> 温性草甸草原> 温性山地草甸> 高寒草甸。本研究表明, 伊犁地区不同草地土壤深度(0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40 cm和4个土层均值)全碳含量表现为温性山地草甸> 温性草甸草原> 高寒草甸> 改良草地> 温性草原> 温性荒漠草原> 温性荒漠。这种不同的结果可能与温度的高低, 植被凋落物的多少及微生物活动^[35]的强弱有关。

从土壤全碳含量空间分布(图3)及分区统计表(表4)可知, 伊犁地区温性荒漠分布区土壤全碳含量低, 而温性山地草甸分布区土壤全碳含量高, 不同草地类型所对应的土壤全碳含量差异较大, 草地土壤全碳含量空间分布格局符合草地类型分布规律。

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	图3 不同土壤深度草地土壤全碳含量空间分布Fig.3 Spatial distribution of soil total carbon content of different soil depth

3.3 人类活动干扰对土壤全碳含量空间格局分布的影响

随着人口的增加, 社会经济的发展, 过度放牧^[24]、草地开垦^[36]等人为活动已严重干扰了天然草地资源, 草地退化、水土流失^[37]和荒漠化问题^{[38, 39]}逐渐突出。伊犁河河谷两侧, 包括霍城县南部、察布查尔锡伯自治县北部、巩留县北部、新源县西部、伊宁市北部和伊宁市南部, 土壤全碳含量较其它区域低, 其原因可能是因为伊犁河两侧居民点较多, 耕地分布比较集中, 受传统观念及人口增长过快等因素的影响, 天然草地被大量开垦, 据统计1950-2002年伊犁河谷已累积开垦29.18万h $\begin{matrix} {m^{2}}^{[40]} \end{matrix}$ , 人为盲目地就近开垦及过度的放牧破坏了草地资源^[41], 使得草地退化, 水土流失加剧, 土壤有机碳大量流失造成土壤碳素减少。而高海拔区域土壤及气候不适合农作物的种植, 且居民定居点较为松散及稀少, 人类活动对草地干扰强度小, 故土壤全碳含量较河谷平原地区高。

3.4 草地土壤全碳含量空间化方法

草地土壤全碳含量的实测数据往往是分散的点数据, 实现草地土壤全碳含量的空间化表达, 采用最多的是克里格插值法, 但是空间插值的结果, 在插值点数据较少或者分布不均匀的情况下, 往往存在局部插值结果偏大或者偏小的情况。本研究通过分析土壤全碳含量与生态因子间的相关性, 构建了土壤全碳含量空间化模型, 实现了土壤全碳含量的空间化表达。与直接用克里格插值法对实测土壤有机碳含量做空间插值^[42]的结果相比较, 不存在局部偏大偏小的异常值; 有研究表明^[43], 基于土地类型修正的克里格插值法的有机碳空间化插值的结果优于普通克里格插值法、反距离权重法和径向基函数法(RBF), 而本研究同时考虑了6个生态因子, 空间化结果更优; 与传统插值方法相比, 空间分布更加连续自然, 不存在“ 牛眼” 现象。本研究采用单因子回归分析而没有采用多因子回归, 是因为土壤全碳含量与生态因子间存在的不是简单线性关系, 多因子回归是线性拟合, 会降低空间化结果的精度。

由于缺乏0―40 cm土壤全碳含量的实测数据, 本研究以0-10、10-20、20-30和30-40 cm这4层土壤全碳含量的均值代替, 不同土层(0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40和0-40 cm)全碳含量与生态因子的回归分析趋势相同, 因此, 本研究没有将所有数据分析全部列出来, 而是以0-40 cm土层为代表进行了分析讨论, 结果较好地反映了伊犁地区草地土壤全碳含量的空间格局分布规律, 但如何赋予不同土层(0-10、10-20、20-30和30-40 cm)不同的权重来求取0-40 cm土层土壤全碳的含量, 提高数据的精度, 在今后的研究中有待进一步探讨。

4 结论

本研究利用2013年伊犁地区146个样地土壤全碳含量实测数据, 结合1957-2012年伊犁地区的气候数据(年均气温、年均降水量、≥ 10 ℃年积温和湿润度气候数据)、DEM数据以及2013年8月份的NDVI数据, 采用地理学相关分析方法, 构建了伊犁地区草地土壤全碳含量空间化模型, 分析伊犁地区草地土壤全碳含量空间分布特征, 得到以下结论:

1)伊犁地区不同草地土壤深度(0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40 cm和4个土层均值)全碳含量与海拔、年均气温、≥ 10 ℃年积温、8月份NDVI呈极显著相关关系(P< 0.01), 与年均降水量和湿润度呈显著相关关系(P< 0.05)。

2)伊犁地区草地土壤全碳含量空间化结果, 直观反映了伊犁地区草地土壤全碳含量空间分布格局。土壤全碳含量最小值出现在伊犁河沿岸两侧及特克斯河与伊犁河交汇处人类活动密集的区域, 最大值都出现在南、北天山两侧, 沿着伊犁河向两侧高海拔区域逐渐增加。

3)不同土壤深度, 其草地土壤全碳含量差异显著。伊犁地区0-40 cm土层(4个土层均值)草地土壤全碳含量为4.251 9%, 其中, 0-10、10-20、20-30和30-40 cm土层草地土壤全碳含量平均水平分别为5.101 6%、4.538 7%、4.069 3%和3.53 1%, 随着土层深度的增加, 草地土壤全碳含量呈下降趋势。

4)伊犁地区草地土壤全碳含量空间格局分布受地形和植被影响较大, 不同深度草地土壤全碳含量空间分布规律与草地类型分布一致; 人为活动干扰(过度放牧、盲目开垦)对草地土壤全碳含量影响较大。

致谢:感谢课题组钟横、张祎、刘清和周星杰等同学对野外采样的帮助, 特此感谢!

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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2011

0.0

... 随着全球气候变暖日益加剧,碳循环作为当前全球气候变化研究的核心问题^[1,2],备受人们的关注,而草地生态系统作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在全球碳收支平衡中起重要作用^[3,4] ...

2014

0.0

刘淑丽, 林丽, 郭小伟, 李婧, 欧阳经政, 杜岩功, 张法伟, 李以康, 曹广民. 青海省高寒草地土壤无机碳储量空间分异特征. 生态学报, 2014, 34(20): 5953-5961.

Liu S

, Lin

, Guo X

, Li

, Ouyang J

, Du Y

, Zhang F

, Li Y

, Cao G

The variation feature of soil inorganic carbon storage in alpine grassland in Qinghai Province.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(20): 5953-5961. (in Chinese)

The warm steppe, alpine steppe, alpine meadow steppe and alpine meadow are the main grassland types which widely distribute in Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. It's widely distribution and diverse development environments make it play an important role in the ecosystem: supporting regional economic development, guaranteeing water conservation of the plateau, maintaining biodiversity, fixation of carbon, etc. A quantitative survey of the variation feature of soil inorganic carbon(SIC)stored in warm steppe, alpine steppe, alpine meadow steppe and alpine meadow were carried out in Qinghai province. Results showed that the total storage of SIC in the four types grassland appeared to be warm steppe> alpine steppe> meadow steppe> alpine meadow, and the values were 16.51kgC/m 2 ,16.48 kgC/m 2 ,3.37 kgC/m 2 and 0.12 kgC/m 2 , respectively. One-Way ANOVA analysis indicated that warm steppe、alpine steppe had a significant difference with alpine meadow steppe and alpine meadow( P P > 0.05). The warm steppe and alpine steppe grassland are the main reserve pool of SIC in alpine grassland. The SIC stored in 50-100cm accounted separately for 60.2% and 51.8% of the total storage in 0-100cm profile of the warm steppe and alpine steppe, while in alpine meadow steppe and alpine meadow, it occupied 50.1% and 55.8% respectively of the 30-50cm in 0-50cm. Deep soil layer is the main place of SIC storing in alpine grassland. Soil depth has an important effect on SIC storage in alpine grassland. In 0-50cm depth of the soil, SIC storing in the four types grassland were 6.57 kgC/m 2 ,7.95 kgC/m 2 ,3.37 kgC/m 2 and 0.12 kgC/m 2 , respectively. The change of SIC content with soil depth were different in the four types grassland. It increased with soil depth in warm steppe and alpine meadow steppe, but increased at first then decreased in alpine meadow steppe and alpine meadow. The calcium carbonate enrichment layer in the soil tallied with the foam examination by hydrochloric acid in the soil profile investigation. The calcium carbonate accumulate in the deep soil of steppe, but enrich rather shallow in meadow. SIC storage in the four types of grassland had a significantly positive correlation with soil bulk density and pH value but a significantly negative correlation with underground biomass. The SIC storage increased from south to north in the grassland of Qinghai province and the total SIC storage of the four types grassland reached 1.34 Pg in the profile. The SIC storage in the alpine meadow is very small and it mainly distributed in the south of Qinghai province. Warm steppe which has the largest SIC storage mainly distributed nearby the Qinghai Lake. Climate change and human activity may affect the capacity and distribution of the carbon storage which would bring the ecological risk to the inorganic carbon fixation.

以青海省主要高寒草地类型即温性草原、高寒草原、草甸草原以及高寒草甸为研究对象，进行其土壤无机碳（SIC）储量分异特征研究。结果表明，在取样剖面内四类草地SIC储量依次为温性草原 >高寒草原 >草甸草原 >高寒草甸，其值分别为16.51、16.48 、3.37 kgC/m 2 和0.12 kgC/m 2 ，温性草原与高寒草原土壤是高寒草地无机碳的主要储蓄库。温性草原与高寒草原50-100cm SIC储量分别占0-100cm总储量的60.2%和 51.8%，而草甸草原与高寒草甸30-50cmSIC储量分别占0-50cm总储量的50.1%和55.8%，说明土体下部是高寒草地无机碳储蓄的主要场所。四类草地SIC含量随土层深度的变化过程各异，其碳酸钙富集层与野外剖面调查所得碳酸钙盐酸泡沫检验结果相吻合。SIC储量与土壤容重和土壤pH均呈显著正相关关系，与地下生物量呈显著负相关关系。

2002

0.0

2010

0.0

... 7%,主要分布在东北平原、内蒙古高原、黄土高原、青藏高原以及新疆山地^[4],是中国最大的陆地生态系统^[5] ...

2014

0.0

... 7%,主要分布在东北平原、内蒙古高原、黄土高原、青藏高原以及新疆山地^[4],是中国最大的陆地生态系统^[5] ...

2009

0.0

肖胜生, 董云社, 齐玉春, 彭琴, 何亚婷, 杨智杰. 草地生态系统土壤有机碳库对人为干扰和全球变化的响应研究进展. 地球科学进展, 2009, 24(10): 1138-1148.

Xiao S

, Dong Y

, Qi Y

, Peng

, He Y

, Yang Z

Advance in responses of soil organic carbon pool of grassland ecosystem to human effects and global changes.

Advances in Earth Science, 2009, 24(10): 1138-1148. (in Chinese)

The stocks and its change mechanism of soil carbon pool in grassland are the core of grassland ecosystem carbon cycle research. Grassland are undergoing serious disturbance, such as land-use change, nitrogen input (nitrogen decomposition and fertilization), elevated CO 2 and global warming. Strengthening the research in responses of grass soil organic carbon pool to the disturbance is of great importance. Here we reviewed the effects of grazing, grassland cultivation, and external nitrogen input on soil organic carbon pool including soil active carbon fraction and their responses to global change. The main research directions in this field in the future were also suggested.

草地土壤碳库碳储量及其变化与调控机制是草地碳循环研究的核心。草地生态系统正经受着越来越严重的人为与自然因素干扰，如土地利用变化、大气氮沉降增加、施肥及大气CO 2 浓度与温度升高。因此，加强人为干扰和全球变化背景下草地土壤有机碳库的响应研究有重要意义。总结了放牧、草地开垦及外来氮素输入等3种主要的人类活动对土壤有机碳总量和活性碳组分的影响及其对全球变化的响应与适应，在此基础上指出了目前草地生态系统土壤有机碳库研究的薄弱环节及今后的重点研究领域。

... 草地生态系统不具有明显的地上碳库,其90%碳库储存在土壤中^[6],其微弱变化均会对大气CO₂浓度产生巨大影响,进而影响全球碳平衡格局^[7] ...

2004

0.0

... 草地生态系统不具有明显的地上碳库,其90%碳库储存在土壤中^[6],其微弱变化均会对大气CO₂浓度产生巨大影响,进而影响全球碳平衡格局^[7] ...

2012

0.0

程积民, 程杰, 杨晓梅, 刘伟, 陈芙蓉. 黄土高原草地植被碳密度的空间分布特征. 生态学报, 2012, 32(1): 226-237.

Cheng J

, Cheng

, Yang X

, Liu

, Chen F

Spatial distribution of carbon density in grassland vegetation of the Loess Plateau of China.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(1): 226-237. (in Chinese)

草地是世界上分布最广的植被类型之一,作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,参与了全球碳源/汇及碳循环过程,在全球气候变化中扮演着重要角色,并对其产生重大影响.以黄土高原草地植被为研究对象,结合国家退耕还林草与封山禁牧工程的实施,对封禁前后的天然草地和退化草地,采用样带多点调查与多年定位测定相结合的方法,分析了黄土高原不同类型草地植物活体、凋落物和根系碳密度分布格局与地带性规律,系统研究了黄土高原不同草地类型退化草地和封禁草地生物量与碳密度沿海拔及降水梯度的时空变异特征,阐述了影响草地碳密度分布的主要驱动因子及其作用机理.结果表明:4种草地类型3种处理的草地生物量和碳密度自西北向东南均与降雨量呈指数增长趋势,并随海拔降低而显著降低,且二者呈显著的线性回归关系;各草地类型地上/地下生物量与碳密度分布规律均为荒漠草原＜丘陵典型草原＜梁塬典型草原＜草甸草原;封禁11a草地活体植物、凋落物和根系碳密度总量:荒漠草原为7.066 t/hm2,丘陵典型草原为8.080 t/hm2,梁塬典型草原为15.319 t/hm2,草甸草原为20.982 t/hm2,分别是退化草地的14.8、8.33、6.5倍和15.88倍.充分表明,封禁不仅能使草地植被恢复和生物量提高,而且也是草地生产力和碳密度增加的一条重要途径.由此可见,气候干旱和草地退化是影响草地生物量和碳密度的关键因素,系统研究黄土高原封禁草地生物量增长与碳密度变化过程,将会对未来全球气候变化分析作出重要贡献.

... 目前,国内关于草地生态系统土壤碳库(包括有机碳库和无机碳库)的研究主要基于不同草地类型^[8,9,10]、不同利用方式^[11,12,13]、人为干扰强度^[14,15]以及气候变化^[16]对土壤碳库的影响 ...

2009

0.0

华娟, 赵世伟, 张扬, 马帅. 云雾山不同草地群落土壤活性有机碳分布特征. 草地学报, 2009, 17(3): 315-320.

Hua

, Zhao S

, Zhang

, Ma

Distribution characteristics of soil labile organic carbon of different grassland communities in Yunwu Mountain.

Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2009, 17(3): 315-320. (in Chinese)

Returning the slope farmland to grassland is the best approach to improve soil quality and soil fertility through its influence on the accumulation and fixation of soil organic carbon.We analyzed the content of soil labile organic carbon(LOC) from soil depth 0 to 100 cm of different grassland communities in Yunwu Mountain using potassium permanganate oxidation method.The results show that soil LOC content of different vegetation communities was significantly higher than that of slop farmland( P Stipa bungeana Trin.community> Stipa grandis P.Smirn.community> Artemisia gmelinii Web.ex Stechm.community> Thymus mongolicus Ronn.community>returned grassland>slop farmland;there was a significant difference among different grassland communities.Furthermore,soil LOC content increased largely in the initial recovery stage(slope farmland-returned grassland-T.mongolicus community) while it reached to the maximum for S.bungeana community.Dynamics of soil LOC density was similar to LOC content among different vegetation communities and showed a decreasing trend along with the increase of soil depth.The linearly significant positive correlation( r =0.9742) was found between soil LOC content and soil total organic carbon.Soil LOC content could be a better parameter to reflect the status of soil organic carbon pool during early grassland recovery stage than soil total organic carbon content.

为探讨黄土高原草地植被演替过程活性有机碳的变化规律,揭示草地退耕后的分布特征,在云雾山草原区采集不同草地群落土壤,采用高锰酸钾氧化法对0~100 cm土层活性有机碳进行分析。结果表明:不同草地群落土壤活性有机碳含量均高于坡耕地,活性有机碳含量大小顺序为:长芒草( Stipa bungeana Trin.)群落>大针茅( Stipa grandis P.Smirn.)群落>铁杆蒿( Artemisia gmelinii Web.ex Stechm.)群落>百里香( Thymus mongolicus Ronn.)群落>退耕草地>坡耕地,且群落间差异达极显著水平( P r =0.9742),土壤活性有机碳比总有机碳更能反映草地植被恢复初期土壤有机碳库的变化。

2013

0.0

任继周, 林慧龙. 草地土壤有机碳储量模拟技术研究. 草业学报, 2013, 22(6): 280-294.

Ren J

, Lin H

Study on the simulation methods of grassland soil organic carbon: A review.

Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2013, 22(6): 280-294. (in Chinese)

探知全球草地生态系统的土壤有机碳储量是调控全球陆地碳循环过程的必要环节和最大难题之一。本文回顾了草地生态系统土壤有机碳储量的研究进展，分析了现有的草地土壤有机碳模拟技术——草地土壤有机碳模型的主要技术特征，就模型的基础数据、模型的结构和模型内的函数参数等三方面，讨论了现存草地土壤有机碳模拟技术的缺陷，提出样地清查、遥感分析和模型模拟方法的综合运用将是解决这一问题的根本途径。最后，提出了一种基于草地综合顺序分类系统（ｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅｓｅｑｕｅｎｔｉａｌｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍｏｆｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄ，ＣＳＣＳ）的草地土壤有机碳储量分类指数模型的构架。将样地清查、基于ＣＳＣＳ的草地土壤有机碳分类指数模型与遥感的高时空分辨率特征三者耦合起来，分析不同草地类型、气候区划等生态条件下的草地土壤有机碳特征，以求提高草地土壤有机碳估算结果的准确性。此外，草地生态系统土壤的碳汇效应等生态功能与放牧利用不存在绝对对立关系，实现放牧的现代化转型是以对草地土壤有机碳储量精准估算为前提的。

2012

0.0

代景忠, 卫智军, 何念鹏, 王若梦, 温学华, 张云海, 赵小宁, 于贵瑞. 封育对羊草草地土壤碳矿化激发效应和温度敏感性的影响. 植物生态学报, 2012, 36(12): 1226-1236.

Dai J

, Wei Z

, He N

, Wang R

, Wen X

, Zhang Y

, Zhao X

, Yu G

Effect of grazing enclosure on the priming effect and temperature sensitivity of soil C mineralization in Leymus chinensis grassland s, Inner Mongolia, China.

Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2012, 36(12): 1226-1236. (in Chinese)

Aims The temperature sensitivity and priming effect of soil respiration, or soil carbon (C) mineralization, have been important topics for global change ecology in recent decades. They can provide new evidence on the controlling mechanisms of soil respiration in future climate change. Our objective was to investigate the effect of grazing enclosure on the priming effect and temperature sensitivity of soil C mineralization in grasslands. Methods We selected three Leymus chinensis grasslands subjected to different grazing-exclusion durations in Inner Mongolia, i.e., grazing-free grassland (FG0), 11-year fenced grassland (FG11), and 31-year fenced grassland (FG31). We incubated the soils at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 °C, respectively. Important findings Enclosure duration, glucose addition, incubation temperatures and incubation time all had significant impact on soil C mineralization rate, and there were significant interaction effects among these factors ( p L. chinensis grasslands. After glucose addition, the priming effect of soil C mineralization was about 2.28–9.01 times and increased with increasing temperature in 7-day incubation. In 56-day incubation, the priming effect was in the range of 2.21–5.10, with the highest value at 10 or 15 °C. The temperature sensitivity of soil C mineralization can be well depicted by classical exponential equations, and the temperature sensitivity index ( Q 10 ) of soil C mineralization was higher in FG0 than in FG11 and FG31. Glucose addition significantly increased Q 10 , which indicated that soil microbial respiration under glucose addition was more affected by temperature. In conclusion, long-term enclosure reduced soil C mineralization rates, temperature sensitivity and priming effect in Inner Mongolian grasslands, which indicated that these long-term fenced grasslands have the capacity to further sequester CO 2 from the atmosphere.

土壤碳矿化(或土壤异养呼吸)的温度敏感性和激发效应是深入揭示土壤呼吸控制机理及其对未来气候变化响应与适应的重要研究方向。该文以自由放牧(FG0)、封育11年(FG11)、封育31年(FG31)的羊草( Leymus chinensis )草地为研究对象, 通过0、5、10、15、20、25 ℃培养, 探讨了封育对羊草草地土壤碳矿化激发效应和温度敏感性的影响。结果表明: 封育年限、添加葡萄糖、培养温度和培养时间对土壤碳矿化速率均具有显著的影响, 不同因素间存在显著的交互效应( p Q 10 )大于长期封育草地(FG11和FG31); 与未添加处理相比, 添加葡萄糖显著增加了土壤碳矿化速率的温度敏感性, 即在添加葡萄糖后土壤微生物呼吸受温度的影响更大。长期封育会降低羊草草地土壤的碳矿化速率、温度敏感性和激发效应, 从而降低土壤碳周转速率和释放速率, 使内蒙古地区长期封育草地仍然具有碳固持能力。

2011

0.0

何念鹏, 韩兴国, 于贵瑞. 长期封育对不同类型草地碳贮量及其固持速率的影响. 生态学报, 2011, 31(15): 4270-4276.

He N

, Han X

, Yu G

Carbon and nitrogen sequestration rate in long-term fenced grassland s in Inner Mongolia, China.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2011, 31(15): 4270-4276. (in Chinese)

Land-use change is considered to have a significant impact on the global C balance by profoundly altering biota, land cover, and biogeochemical cycles. Therefore, the impact of land-use change on the storage or sequestration of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) is one of the most important domains to global change research. As a dominant form of landscape and an integral component of the Eurasian landmass, grasslands of northern China, which account for 40% of the land area in China, play important roles in servicing the ecological environment and in the socio-economy of the region. Furthermore, an increase in the soil C and N storage in the grasslands of northern China is anticipated with the implementation of measures aimed at encouraging grassland protection. However, there is little information regarding the potential of C and N storage (or C sequestration rate) due to the absence of long-term grazing exclusion plots in multiple sites. In this present research, using pair-sampling methods, we investigated the C and N storage in aboveground biomass, litter, roots and soil organic matter in the 0-100 cm soil layer in the fenced grasslands and free-grazing grasslands in 4 sites. The main objectives of this study was to assess the effect of long-term grazing exclusion on the storage of C and N in temperate grasslands of northern China, and further determined the sequestration rates of C and N in fenced grasslands by comparing with the data of free grazing grasslands.The results showed that, compared with free-grazing grasslands, there were significant increases in the C and N storage in the fenced grasslands. It was estimated that, after 3-decades grazing exclusion, the quantity of C sequestration ranged from 1401 to 2858 g C m -2 in the 4 sites, averaging 2126 g C m -2 ; and the rates of C sequestration in fenced grasslands ranged from 46.7 to 129.2 g C m -2 a -1 , averaging 84.2 g C m -2 a -1 . The rates of N sequestration in fenced grasslands varied from 2.8 to 14.7 g N m -2 a -1 , averaging 7.3 g N m -2 a -1 . From the view of C and N sequestration rates, there is a total trend as follows: Stipa grandis grassland Leymus chinensis grassland L. Chinese grassland Medicago falcata and L.chinensis grassland. Moreover, we found that the lower soil layers (40-100 cm) had also play an important role in the total C and N sequestered in fenced grasslands although sequestration rates were relative higher in the upper soil layer (0-40 cm). Together, the study demonstrated that temperate grasslands of northern China have the vast potential to increase C storage, and long-term grazing exclusion should be the most valuable and feasible approach to make true the C sequestration of temperate grasslands in future.

基于4个长期封育草地,采用成对取样方法(封育-自由放牧草地)分析了长期封育和自由放牧草地地上生物量、地表凋落物、0-100 cm根系和土壤的碳氮贮量,探讨了长期封育草地的碳固持速率。实验结果表明:长期封育显著提高了草地碳氮贮量;经30a围封处理后,草地碳固持量为1401-2858 g C m -2 ,平均2126 g C m -2 ;草地碳固持速率为46.7-129.2 g C m -2 a -1 ,平均84.2 g C m -2 a -1 。长期封育草地氮固持速率为2.8-14.7 g N m -2 a -1 ,平均7.3 g N m -2 a -1 。封育草地碳和氮固持速率表现为:针茅草地＜羊草草地＜退化羊草草地＜补播黄花苜蓿+羊草草地。长期封育草地0-40 cm土壤碳固持速率相对较高,但下层土壤对草地碳固持的贡献也比较大,因此,未来的相关研究应给予下层土壤更大关注。内蒙古典型草地具有巨大的碳固持潜力,长期封育(或禁牧)是实现其碳固持效应最经济、最有效的途径之一。

2014

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徐沙, 龚吉蕊, 张梓榆, 刘敏, 王忆慧, 罗亲普. 不同利用方式下草地优势植物的生态化学计量特征. 草业学报, 2014, 28(6): 45-53.

, Gong J

, Zhang Z

, Liu

, Wang Y

, Luo Q

The ecological stoichiometry of dominant species in different land uses type of grassland .

Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2014, 28(6): 45-53. (in Chinese)

The stoichiometric elements of three dominant species, namely Stipa grandis , Artemisia frigida and Leymus chinensis were measured in different land use (grazing-exclusion, grazing and mowing) in the temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia. The seasonal variations of stoichiometric characteristic of plants and soil under different grassland uses were discussed. The stoichiometric characteristic response mechanisms of the plants and the nutrient limiting conditions were analyzed. The results show that obvious seasonal variations in C, N, P concentrations and their mass ratio of the three species exist in each grassland use type. Grassland use type, species and their interactions have significant impacts on N, P concentrations and the ratios C∶N, C∶P and N∶P, among which C concentration is relatively stable in the whole growing season and different uses show no significant impact on it. N concentration reduces overall. N and P concentrations in leaves are higher in grazing plot than those in grazing-exclusion and mowing plots. It shows that grazing can increased N and P concentrations. On the whole, plant growth is limited by N. Characteristics of soil nutrients among different grassland uses have certain differences, where comparably more serious N deficiency happens in the enclosed plot and P deficiency in the grazing plot. Generally the organic matter, C, N and P concentrations in the grazing plot are higher than those in the mowing and enclosed plots. It shows that soil nutrients can be increased which can promote plants growth in grazing plot.

在内蒙古温带草原围封、放牧和割草3种不同利用方式下,测定了大针茅、冷蒿和羊草3种优势种植物的化学计量元素,探讨了草地不同利用方式下优势种植物的化学计量特征响应机制。结果表明,3种优势种植物的C、N、P含量及其计量比在不同利用方式下均有明显的季节变化;不同利用方式、不同物种以及二者的交互作用均对N、P含量及C∶N、C∶P和N∶P有显著的影响,其中,C含量比较稳定,不同的利用方式对其无显著影响,N含量在整个生长季内总体呈下降趋势,放牧样地3种植物叶片的N、P含量均高于割草和围封样地,说明放牧增加了植物N、P的含量。植物生长普遍受到N的限制,土壤养分特征在不同利用方式间也存在一定的差异,围封样地表现为更加缺N,而放牧样地更加缺P。放牧样地有机质、C、N和P含量均高于割草和围封样地,说明适度放牧能提高土壤养分的含量,有利于植物的生长。

... 但海拔超过一定高度,气温进一步降低,主要是高寒草甸类草地,草地植被长势较差,地上生物量及地下根系生物量作为土壤全碳含量的来源相比其它区域减少^[13],导致土壤全碳含量降低 ...

... 2 不同草地类型对土壤全碳含量空间格局分布的影响草地土壤全碳含量主要来源于地上生物量和地下根系生物量的归还^[13,14],不同草地类型由于其土壤母质、凋落物分解程度以及构成时间的差异^[33],致使不同草地类型土壤碳素含量的空间分布差异较大 ...

2009

0.0

任海彦, 郑淑霞, 白永飞. 放牧对内蒙古锡林河流域草地群落植物茎叶生物量资源分配的影响. 植物生态学报, 2009, 33(6): 1065-1074.

Ren H

, Zheng S

, Bai Y

Effects of grazing on foliage biomass allocation of grassland communities in Xilin river basin, Inner Mongolia.

Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2009, 33(6): 1065-1074. (in Chinese)

以内蒙古锡林河流域沿水分梯度分布的灰脉苔草(Carex appendiculata)、贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensis)、羊草(Leymus chinesis)、大针茅(stipa grandis)、小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)和冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)6个草地群落为对象,研究了围封禁牧与放牧样地中144个共有植物种的高度、丛幅面积、茎、叶和株(丛)生物量、茎叶比等性状.结果表明:1)在个体水平上,放牧样地中植物的生殖枝高度、营养枝高度、丛幅面积、单株(丛)生物量、茎、叶生物量和茎叶比均显著低于围封禁牧样地,植物在放牧干扰下表现出明显的小型化现象;2)在群落水平上,放牧亦显著降低了群落总生物量和茎、叶生物量;3)过度放牧显著改变了物种的资源分配策略,使生物量向叶的分配比例增加,向茎的分配比例减少.资源优先向同化器官分配可能是植物对长期放牧干扰的一种重要适应对策;4)轻度放牧对物种的资源分配没有显著影响,单株(从)生物量和群落茎、叶及总生物量均表现出增加趋势,这与过度放牧的影响正好相反.过度放牧引起的植物个体小型化改变了生态系统中物种的资源分配策略,进而对生态系统功能产生重要的影响.

2011

0.0

张凡, 祁彪, 温飞, 张德罡, 吴红, 张力. 不同利用程度高寒干旱草地碳储量的变化特征分析. 草业学报, 2011, 20(4): 11-18.

Zhang

, Qi

, Wen

, Zhang D

, Wu

, Zhang

Analysis of the change of carbon storage in alpine arid grassland .

Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2011, 20(4): 11-18. (in Chinese)

本研究对处于青海湖北部不同退化梯度草地的土壤碳储量以及植被的根系生物碳储量变化进行了研究。调查草地样本包括７个样地和４个土层，样地依次分别为严重退化草场、重度退化草场、中度退化草场、轻度退化草场、正常草场、封育３年草场和人工草场，土层分别为０～１０，１０～２０，２０～３０与３０～４０ｃｍ４个土层。结果表明，在不同退化梯度上，土壤碳储量随着退化程度的减轻依次增大，总体上各样地之间的变化趋势为，在５－７月为轻度退化草地＞无退化草地＞中度退化草地＞重度退化草地＞人工草地草地＞封育草地＞严重退化草地；在８－１０月为无退化草地＞轻度退化草地＞中度退化草地＞重度退化草地＞封育草地＞人工草地＞严重退化草地，严重退化草地土壤碳储量最低，其次为封育草地；封育草地和人工草地的碳储量显著的低于轻度退化和无退化草地（ P ＜０．０５），但在封育草地和人工草地之间无显著差异（ P ＞０．０５）。在不同的土层，土壤碳储量从上至下依次降低，且各层之间表现出显著差异（ P ＜０．０５）。在不同的月份，各土层深度的土壤碳储量，总体上均表现为５－６月份降低，６－１０月份呈递增的变化趋势，而且不同退化草地都表现出了较为一致的变化趋势。

2012

0.0

范月君, 侯向阳, 石红霄, 师尚礼. 气候变暖对草地生态系统碳循环的影响. 草业学报, 2012, 21(3): 294-302.

Fan Y

, Hou X

, Shi H

, Shi S

Effect of carbon cycling in grassland ecosystems on climate warming.

Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2012, 21(3): 294-302. (in Chinese)

人类活动导致的温室效应以及由此造成的气候变暖对草地生态系统的影响已引起人们普遍关注。草地生态系统碳循环作为陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成，是未来陆地生物圈碳源／碳汇的关键环节之一，揭示这一作用对精确理解碳循环的过程和相关政策的制定具有重要的指导意义。本研究围绕气候变暖对草地生态系统初级生产力、土壤呼吸、凋落物输入与分解、土壤碳库的影响，探讨了草地生态系统碳循环对气候变暖响应的机制及其过程，简述了相关研究进展，提出了草地生态系统碳循环研究存在的问题和未来重点发展的方向，对草地生态系统碳循环的研究工作进行展望。

2007

0.0

常天军, 王建林, 李鹏, 成海宏, 方华丽. 藏北高寒草地植被的碳密度与碳贮量. 生态科学, 2007, 26(5): 437-442.

Chang T

, Wang J

, Li

, Cheng H

, Fang H

Carbon density and reserve of alpine grassland vegetation in northern Tibet.

Ecological Science, 2007, 26(5): 437-442. (in Chinese)

In this paper,the alpine grassland carbon density and carbon reserve in northern Tibet was calculated by field investigation and reference review.The results showed that,1) The total area of alpine grassland in northern Tibet was about 39.059×106 hm 2 ,The carbon density of aboveground and belowground vegetation were 12.158±4.7 g·m -2 and 84.458±20.38 g·m -2 ,the carbon reserve of aboveground and belowground vegetation were 5.171±0.95 Tg and 25.223±2.96 Tg,the total carbon reserve of alpine grassland was 30.394±3.91 Tg.2)These distributions were different in different grassland groups,the lowest carbon density was Gramineae group and its carbon density of aboveground and belowground vegetation were 6.13±1.51 g·m -2 and 26.04±5.8 g·m -2 ,the highest aboveground and belowground vegetation carbon density was shrub with hypo-shrub group were 31±3.4 g·m -2 and 244.59±6.9 g·m -2 .The highest aboveground and belowground vegetation carbon reserve was Cyperaceae and the amount were 2.24±0.32 Tg and 9.52±0.89 Tg,the lowest carbon reserve was hypo-shrub and were 0.012 4±0.002 Tg and 0.098 1±0.002 Tg.3)this diversity was also observed in all of counties and boroughs,higher carbon density counties were Geji,Zhada,Geer,Cuoqin,the vegetation carbon density respective was 1.76,1.47,1.11 and 1.06 times in average northern Tibet carbon density,and the carbon reserve concentrate in Shuanghu,Zhada,Nima,Ritu,Geji,Gaize,in this area total carbon reserve was 25.2±2.31 Tg,which consists about 82.95 of carbon reserve in Northern Tibet.

采用实地调查与查阅文献相结合的方法估算藏北高寒草地植被碳密度和碳贮量。结果表明:1)藏北高寒草地总面积约39.059×106 hm 2 ,植被地上平均碳密度12.158±4.7g·m -2 ,植被地下平均碳密度84.458±20.38g·m -2 ,植被地上部碳贮量5.171±0.95Tg,植被地下部碳贮量25.223±2.96Tg,植被总碳贮量为30.394±3.91Tg;2)不同草地组间植被碳密度和碳贮量差异显著。其中不同草地组间植被碳密度以丛生禾草组碳密度值最低,地上和地下碳密度分别为6.13±1.51g·m -2 和26.04±5.8g·m -2 ,具灌木的半灌木组碳密度最高,地上和地下碳密度分别为31±3.4 g·m -2 和244.59±6.9g·m -2 ;而不同草地组间,草地植被碳贮量以小莎草组最大,植被地上和地下碳贮量分别为2.24±0.32Tg和9.52±0.89Tg,半灌木组碳贮量最小,其地上和地下碳贮量分别为0.012 4±0.002Tg和0.098 1±0.002Tg。3)藏北高寒草地分布各县(区)碳密度和碳贮量的分布也存在显著差异。从碳密度来看,革吉县、札达县、噶尔县和措勤县碳密度较高,植被平均碳密度分别相当于藏北平均植被碳密度的1.76,1.47,1.11和1.06倍,从碳贮量来看,碳贮量集中分布于双湖特别区、札达、尼玛、日土、革吉和改则6县(区),六县(区)草地植被碳贮量为25.2±2.31Tg,占藏北总植被碳量的82.89%。

... 不同植被类型对应的土壤碳含量差异明显,对藏北高寒草地植被碳密度与碳贮量的研究^[17]发现,不同草地间植被碳密度和碳贮量差异显著 ...

2012

0.0

刘伟, 程积民, 高阳, 程杰, 梁万鹏. 黄土高原草地土壤有机碳分布及其影响因素. 土壤学报, 2012, 49(1): 68-76.

Liu

, Cheng J

, Gao

, Cheng

, Liang W

Distribution of soil organic carbon in grassland on loess plateau and its influencing factors.

Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2012, 49(1): 68-76. (in Chinese)

Distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its affecting factors in four different types of natural grasslands (forest steppe, typical grassland, alpine meadow steppe and desert steppe) in the Loess Plateau were analyzed. Results show that content of soil organic carbon decreases with soil depth, and is significantly higher in 0~20 cm than in 20~40 cm, 40~60 cm, 60~80 cm and 80~100 cm. In the 0~40 cm soil layer, the distribution of organic carbon content in the four types of grasslands tends to be in the order of Alpine meadow steppe > typical grassland > forest steppe > desert steppe; while in the 40~100 cm soil layer, in the order of Alpine meadow steppe > forest steppe > typical grassland > desert steppe. In the Alpine meadow steppe, forest steppe and typical steppe of the Loess Plateau, soil organic carbon is concentrated in the surface layer (0~40 cm), accounting for 71%, 50% and 46% of the total in the profile (0~100 cm), while the distribution is more uniform in the desert steppe; Soil organic carbon content is positively related ( p p r =0.984 3)；but negatively related to annual mean temperature ( p <0.01). Moreover, it has no obvious relationship with annual precipitation in the 100 cm soil layer in all the four types of grasslands.

以黄土高原水平方向的4种主要草地类型为研究对象，分析了不同草地类型土壤有机碳（SOC）的分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明：土壤有机碳含量随土壤深度的增加而降低，其中0～20 cm土壤有机碳含量与20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100 cm有机碳含量差异显著。4种草地类型土壤有机碳含量分布规律：0～40 cm为高山草甸草原>典型草原>森林草原>荒漠草原，40～100 cm为高山草甸草原>森林草原>典型草原>荒漠草原；4种草地类型中各土层土壤有机碳含量最高的是高寒草甸，其空间变异最大，最小的是荒漠草原，其变异最小。黄土高原上高寒草甸草原、森林草原、典型草原土壤有机碳均集中分布在浅表层0～40 cm，分别占0～100 cm的71%、50%、46%，而荒漠草原各层分布较均匀；黄土高原土壤有机碳含量与海拔高度呈显著正相关（ p p p <0.01），几种草地类型100 cm深土壤有机碳含量与年降水量无明显相关。

... 对黄土高原草地土壤有机碳含量研究^[18]发现,有机碳含量最高的是高寒草甸,其空间变异最大,最小的是荒漠草原,其变异最小 ...

... 这是由于随着海拔的增高,气温降低,主要是温性山地草甸类草地,草地植被覆盖度和生物量高,地上生物量及地下根系生物量充足,土壤有机碳分解比较慢,根系和微生物活动弱^[23],沉淀形成的碳酸钙少,积累的有机质多^[18,30],进而导致土壤全碳含量增加 ...

... 荒漠草原^[18],不同植被类型对土壤碳素含量的影响差异显著 ...

2010

0.0

孔玉华, 姚风军, 鹏爽, 刘艳, 董文轩, 白龙. 不同利用方式下草地土壤碳积累及汇/源功能转换特征研究. 草业科学, 2010, 27(4): 40-45.

Kong Y

, Yao F

, Peng

, Liu

, Dong W

, Bai

Study on the characteristics of soil carbon accumulation and conversion of carbon sink and source of grassland under different land use types.

Pratacultural Science, 2010, 27(4): 40-45. (in Chinese)

Landuse change is the main affecting factor of soil carbon storage. It is very important to predict the trend of soil carbon release under different landuse patterns so that the soil carbon accumulation and conversion of soil carbon sink and source could be better understand. The organic carbon density and variation patterns of organic carbon storage within 0 to 30 cm soil layer of fenced grassland and grazing land in the southeast of Horqin sandy land were studied from May to November. The results showed that the soil organic carbon content of enclosed grassland decreased significantly with the soil depth, but not for the grazing land. Soil organic carbon density of the fenced grassland within 0 to 30 cm soil layer varied from 2.8 kg/m2 to 4.0 kg/m2. And it was from 3.4 kg/m2 to 4.7 kg/m2 for the grazing land. In general, it was the carbon source process from May to August and from September to November, and it was the carbon sink process from August to September for the fenced land. However, soil carbon storage of the grazing land was more stable, the conversion process of soil carbon sink and source was no significant. It suggested that the reasonable grazing utilization contributed to accumulation of soil carbon and could reduce carbon emission.

土地利用变化是影响土壤碳储量的主要人为因素，准确掌握不同利用方式下土壤碳积累及汇/源功能转换特征，对预测土壤碳释放量趋势有着很重要的意义。为明确不同利用方式下草地土壤碳储量及碳汇/源功能的动态变化特征，以位于科尔沁沙地东南围封草地与放牧地为研究对象，采用有机碳密度法分析了030 cm土层有机碳储量及其在5-11月的变化规律。结果表明:围封草地土壤有机碳含量随着土层的加深呈递减的变化，放牧地土壤有机碳含量随着土层的加深不同土层间无显著差异。5-11月围封草地030 cm土层土壤有机碳密度变化为2.84.0 kg/m2，变幅为1.2 kg/m2。5-9月放牧地030 cm土层土壤有机碳密度变化为3.44.7 kg/m2,变幅为1.3 kg/m2。围封草地在5-8月为土壤碳源过程，8-9月为土壤碳汇过程，9-11月为土壤碳源过程。放牧地土壤碳库较稳定，无明显的碳汇/源的变化过程。合理的放牧利用有助于土壤碳的积累，减少碳释放。

... 随着人口的增加,草畜矛盾突出,草地资源遭到破坏,人为干扰活动严重影响草地生态系统的碳储量,在科尔沁草原上^[19]研究发现,围封草地土壤有机碳含量随着土层的加深呈递减的变化,放牧地土壤有机碳含量不同土层间无显著差异 ...

1998

0.0

王艳芬, 陈佐忠, Tieszen L

人类活动对锡林郭勒地区主要草原土壤有机碳分布的影响. 植物生态学报, 1998, 22(6): 66-72.

Wang Y

, Chen Z

, Tieszen L

Distribution of soil organic carbon in the major grassland s of Xilingela, Inner Mongolia, China.

Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 1998, 22(6): 66-72. (in Chinese)

The distribution of soil organic carbon in temperate grassland in Xilinguole, Inner Mongolia was examined. Soil organic carbon content varied considerably among the sites and along soil profile. It increased along the gradient from desert steppe, typical steppe to meadow steppe, while it decreased depth. It distributed mainly in 0～15cm of the top soil layer, The effect of landuse pattern on soil organic carbon content Was also investigated. In the meadow steppe, organic carbon of soil (0～35cm) was seriously affected by the conversion of grasslands to croplands. It decreased by 35%～38%. While in the typical steppe area where grazing management works as primary landuse pattern, it was not affected by grazing intensities in the 17 years.

内蒙古锡林郭勒地区3类主要草原土壤有机碳含量呈现规律性变化，其顺序为：黑钙土>栗钙土>棕钙土。同时，有机碳沿土壤剖面自上而下逐渐降低，且主要分布在0～15cm处。草甸草原植被下的黑钙土不同层次有机碳含量因农垦分别损失34％～38％，损失主要发生在0～35cm处。分析结果表明，放牧强度在短时期内对典型草原植被下的栗钙土有机碳含量没有显著影响。

... 在锡林郭勒地区研究^[20]发现,放牧强度在短期内对典型草原植被土壤有机碳含量没有显著影响 ...

... 荒漠草原^[20] ...

2012

0.0

杨红飞, 穆少杰, 李建龙. 气候变化对草地生态系统土壤有机碳储量的影响. 草业科学, 2012, 29(3): 392-400.

Yang H

, Mu S

, Li J

Effects of climate change on soil organic carbon storage of grassland ecosystem.

Pratacultural Science, 2012, 29(3): 392-400. (in Chinese)

Grassland soil organic carbon pool becomes a focus in the field of grassland ecosystem in recent years due to the advance in the global climate change and transfer of carbon of the terrestrial ecosystems in various ways. Grassland soil organic carbon is an important component of the global carbon cycle, directly affecting on the global carbon balance. The impact of humaninduced climate warming resulting from the increase of greenhouse gases on grassland ecosystems arouses the considerable attention. Temperature, precipitation, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and other climatic factors greatly influence on the grassland soil organic carbon pool. Understanding the effects of climate change on the grassland soil organic carbon pool is critical for predicting the changes in grassland ecosystem carbon cycling in the future. This study summarized the advance in the distribution of organic carbon storage in the grassland soils and the effects of temperature, precipitation change, and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on grassland soil organic carbon storage, and then proposed the problems, direction and key field of grassland soil organic carbon in the future.

随着全球气候变化和陆地生态系统碳循环研究的发展，草地土壤有机碳库正成为草地生态系统研究的热点。草地土壤有机碳库作为全球碳循环的重要组成部分，其积累和分解的变化直接影响全球的碳平衡。由人类活动引起的温室效应以及由此造成的气候变化对草地生态系统的影响已引起人们的广泛关注，而温度、降水和大气CO2浓度等气候因子对草地土壤碳库也产生重要影响。了解气候变化对草地土壤有机碳库的影响对于准确理解气候变化背景下草地土壤有机碳的演变机制具有重要的指导意义。本研究综述了草地土壤有机碳储量的分布状况以及温度升高、降水和大气CO2浓度增加对草地土壤有机碳影响的国内外研究进展，指出了目前草地土壤有机碳研究存在的问题，提出了今后研究的努力方向和着重点，并对今后草地土壤有机碳研究提出了展望。

... 同时,温度、降水等气候因素的变化对草地土壤碳库的积累产生重要影响,杨红飞等^[21]对气候变化对草地系统土壤碳含量的影响进行了综述,指出温度和降水对草地植物土壤碳库影响较大 ...

2010

0.0

杨玉海, 陈亚宁, 李卫红, 陈亚鹏. 伊犁河谷不同植被带下土壤有机碳分布. 地理学报, 2010, 65(5): 605-612.

Yang Y

, Chen Y

, Li W

, Chen Y

Soil organic carbon distribution of different vegetation types in the Ili river valley.

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(5): 605-612. (in Chinese)

Based on data from field investigations and laboratory research work in 2008 and 2009, this paper, by variance analysis, studies the distribution and storage of soil organic carbon contents of typical types of vegetation in the Ili river valley including alp meadow, meadow grassland, typical steppe, desert steppe, temperate coniferous forest and so on. The results show that soil organic carbon contents varied with the changes of plant types. At 0-50 cm soil layer, soil organic carbon contents of alp meadow and meadow grassland are the highest, followed by temperate coniferous forest, typical steppe, and desert steppe. Deciduous broad-leaved forest and secondary forest almost have the same content of organic carbon, which is higher than that of typical steppe, the soil organic carbon content is the lowest in intrazonal vegetation and desert vegetation. Soil organic carbon contents of different types of vegetation, with the exception of intrazonal vegetation, have a descending trend with the decrease of soil depth. There are differences in soil organic carbon density of different types of vegetation. A higher density of soil organic carbon occurs in alp meadow, meadow grassland and temperate coniferous forest, while the lowest density is observed in desert vegetation. In the Ili river valley, soil organic carbon contents of grassland at surface soil layer are higher, so it is very important to protect surface soil of grassland and to prevent soil organic carbon change in surface layer, which is very useful to keep stability of soil carbon pool.

结合2008年和2009年野外实地调查与室内分析的资料,运用方差分析等方法对伊犁河谷高山草甸、草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原、温性针叶林等9种不同植被条件下的土壤有机碳含量分布及其储量进行了分析估算。研究结果表明:伊犁河谷土壤有机碳含量因植被类型变化而不同。在0～50cm土层范围,高山草甸、草甸草原土壤有机碳含量较高,其次是温性针叶林和典型草原,含量最低的是隐域植被和荒漠植被土壤。除隐域植被外,各植被类型下土壤有机碳含量基本呈随着土层深度增加而降低的变化趋势。有机碳密度同样是高山草甸、草甸草原和温性针叶林土壤有机碳密度较高且比较相近,荒漠植被下土壤有机碳密度最低。伊犁河谷草地表层土壤有机碳含量高、密度大,因此应重视对伊犁河谷草地的保护,尤其要保护草地表层土壤以降低浅层土壤有机碳发生变化的可能性,维护土壤碳库的稳定性。

... 伊犁地区位于新疆维吾尔自治区的西北部,是新疆最湿润、降水最丰富、植被土壤发育最好的区域^[22],作为新疆的重点牧区,伊犁地区典型草地土壤无机碳含量随着海拔的升高而降低,从土壤剖面垂直变化来看,除高寒草甸随着土层深度的加深无明显变化外,其它各类型草地无机碳含量均随着土层加深而增大^[23] ...

... 杨玉海等^[22]对伊犁地区土壤有机碳含量的研究表明,高山草甸#cod#x0003E ...

2015

0.0

韩文娟, 盛建东, 谷海斌, 刘利利. 新疆伊犁地区典型草地土壤无机碳分布特征. 新疆农业大学学报, 2015, 38(2): 140-145.

Han W

, Sheng J

, Gu H

, Liu L

Soil inorganic carbon distribution characteristics in typical grassland in Ili area of Xinjiang.

Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University, 2015, 38(2): 140-145. (in Chinese)

干旱区草地土壤无机碳(SIC)分布特征对研究干旱区草地生态系统碳循环具有重要作用。基于新疆伊犁地区6种典型草地土壤剖面无机碳含量的实测数据,分析了不同类型草地的SIC分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,0~100cm土壤深度内,SIC含量随着海拔的升高而降低(P0.05),表现为高寒草甸温性山地草甸温性草甸草原温性草原温性荒漠草原温性荒漠;从土壤剖面垂直变化来看,除高寒草甸随着土层深度的加深无明显变化外,其他各类型草地SIC含量均随着土层深度的加深而增大。土壤无机碳密度(SICD)随着海拔的升高而降低,随土层深度的加深呈增加趋势;各类型草地土壤无机碳主要分布在底层(50~100cm),所占比例达67.1%~86.5%;100cm内,SICD为0.30~19.30kg/m2,平均SICD为12.21kg/m2。SIC含量与土壤容重随着土层深度的加深相关性逐渐增大,在20~100cm达到极显著正相关;而与土壤pH值间表现出极显著正相关,与土壤电导率(EC)仅在土层20~30cm达到极显著正相关。

... 沼泽类,韩文娟等^[23]对伊犁地区土壤无机碳含量的研究表明,温性荒漠#cod#x0003E ...

2013

0.0

... 而短期放牧对昭苏草甸草原土壤有机碳含量影响较小^[24] ...

... 3 人类活动干扰对土壤全碳含量空间格局分布的影响随着人口的增加,社会经济的发展,过度放牧^[24]、草地开垦^[36]等人为活动已严重干扰了天然草地资源,草地退化、水土流失^[37]和荒漠化问题^[38,39]逐渐突出 ...

1992

0.0

... 伊犁地区东、南、北三面高山环绕,地势东高西低,东窄西宽,呈楔形向西敞开,来自西部里海的湿润水汽和巴尔喀什湖的暖流沿伊犁河长驱直入谷地深处^[25],形成了温带大陆性半干旱气候区 ...

1999

0.0

... 1 ℃,年均日照时数为2 700~3 000 h^[26],是新疆最湿润的地区,素有#cod#x0201c ...

2014

0.0

刘芳, 张红旗, 董光龙. 伊犁河谷草地植被NDVI变化及其降水敏感性特征. 资源科学, 2014, 36(8): 1724-1731.

Liu

, Zhang H

, Dong G

Vegetation dynamics and precipitation sensitivity in Yili valley grassland .

Resources Science, 2014, 36(8): 1724-1731. (in Chinese)

作为西北干旱区的重要绿洲,伊犁河谷草地动态监测及其对降水的敏感性研究,对该区域草地应对气候变化带来的影响和实现可持续发展具有重要意义。基于2000-2010年的MODIS NDVI数据,采用像元尺度的线性回归方法,分析了伊犁河谷草地NDVI的时空变化特征,结合同期遥感降水数据产品,采用相关系数法和降水敏感性指数定量刻画不同类型草地NDVI的降水敏感性及其时空特征。结果表明,2000-2010年伊犁河谷草地植被整体呈显著的退化趋势,NDVI值下降速度为1.5%/10a,其中高寒草地和山地草甸的NDVI下降趋势显著,而改善区主要为温性草原、温性荒漠草原和温性荒漠。随着草地改善程度增加,草地覆被变化的降水敏感性越强,表明降水是草地改善的主因。草地植被的降水敏感性与草地类型、降水的空间分异和年际特征有关。较为稀疏、生产力较低的草地类型(温性草原、温性荒漠和温性荒漠草原)的降水敏感性较强。降水敏感性与河谷降水时空分布有关,主要体现为越干旱的地方草地覆盖对降水的敏感性越高;年际特征上表现为越干旱的年份,草地覆被对降水的敏感性越高。

... 38%,其产草量以及载畜能力均处于全疆最好水平^[27,28] ...

2011

0.0

孙慧兰, 陈亚宁, 李卫红, 黎枫, 木巴热克·阿尤普. 新疆伊犁河流域草地类型特征及其生态服务价值研究. 中国沙漠, 2011, 31(5): 1273-1277.

Sun H

, Chen Y

, Li W

, Li

, Mubareke·Ayousi. Study on types and ecological services values of the grassland in the Ili river basin, Xinjiang, China. Journal of Desert Research, 2011, 31(5): 1273-1277. (in Chinese)

The Ili River Basin, Xinjiang, China was rich in grassland resources, which accounted for 60.88% of the total land area. In this paper, according to the unit-area grassland ecosystem service value data in China which was given by Xie Gaodi et al, the formula of ecosystem services value given by Costanza was applied to analyze the ecosystem services values of different grassland types in the Ili River Basin. The results showed that both the livestock carrying capacity and forage yield in the Ili River Basin were at the highest level in Xinjiang. The area of the mountain meadow was the largest in different grassland types in the Ili River Basin, which accounted for about 27.91% of the total available grassland area. The annual ecosystem services value of grassland was about 200.47×108 Yuan, and the ecosystem services values of the marsh meadow, mountain meadow and warm meadow grassland was about 145.3×108 Yuan altogether, which accounted for 72.48% of the total basin, so they were the main part of grassland ecosystem. The services value of grassland ecosystem in the Ili River Basin was more than the production value. In general, the grassland ecosystem services value in mountain basin and hilly region was higher than in plain region. The degradation of grassland was remarkable in the Ili River Basin, and the grassland ecosystem service values decreased from 1985 to 2005.

1.Xinjiang Laboratory of Lake Environment and Resources in Arid Zone, College of Geography Science and Tourism, Xinjiang National University, Urumqi 830054, China； 2.State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China

以新疆伊犁河流域为研究对象,采用Costanza生态系统服务价值计算公式,参照谢高地等人的中国草地生态系统服务单位面积价值,分析了伊犁河流域草地类型特征和生态系统服务价值。研究结果表明,新疆伊犁河流域草地资源丰富,草地面积占土地总面积的60.88%以上,草地产草量及载畜能力均处于全疆最好水平,其中山地草甸类草地面积最大,占草地可利用面积的27.91%。草地生态系统每年的服务价值为200.47亿元,山地草甸类草地、温性草甸草原类以及温性草原类草地生态服务价值达145.3亿元,占到全流域草地总生态服务价值的72.48%,是草地生态服务价值的主体部分,流域生态系统服务性功能远大于生产性功能。总体看来,伊犁河流域草地生态服务价值山间盆地、丘陵区较高;而平原区相对较低。草地存在退化现象,1985—2005年间草地生态服务价值有所下降。

... 38%,其产草量以及载畜能力均处于全疆最好水平^[27,28] ...

... 10 ℃年积温、湿润度(伊万诺夫湿润度^[28]),根据气象站点实测数据,运用ANUSPLIN专业气象插值软件,空间插值得到,空间分辨率1 km ...

2015

0.0

... 4 空间化结果精度评价方法空间化结果精度通过41组检验数据与空间化模型计算结果进一步计算均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)、偏离度(E)和相关系数(R)来检验^[29] ...

... 1 生态评价因子与草地土壤全碳含量的关系土壤性质的空间异质性是地形、气候、植被、土壤母质以及外界干扰等因素共同作用的结果^{[29,30,31,32]} ...

2011

0.0

汤爱坤, 刘汝海, 许廖奇, 王金玉, 刘一霆. 昌邑海洋生态特别保护区土壤养分的空间异质性与植物群落的分布. 水土保持通报, 2011, 31(3): 88-93.

Tang A

, Liu R

, Xu L

, Wang J

, Liu Y

Spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients and distribution of plant community in Changyi marine ecological special protection area.

Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2011, 31(3): 88-93. (in Chinese)

摘　要： 2009年9月对昌邑海洋生态特别保护区进行调查研究,分析了土壤水分、盐分、养分（有机质、氮和磷）等要素的空间异质性及其与植被群落生态分布的相互关系。结果表明,土壤含水率与可溶性盐、有机质之间,以及可溶性盐和有机质之间均在0.01 水平上显著相关;有机质与全氮在0.05水平上显著正相关,与全磷的相关性不显著。从陆向海方向,土壤含水率和可溶性盐含量升高,有机质含量降低,群落组成种类减少,群落盖度降低;由以狗尾草为优势种多种植物伴生的杂草群落演变成单一的柽柳、碱蓬群落,最后耐盐大的翅碱蓬成为群落的单优势种,物种的丰富度和多样性均显著降低。

2008

0.0

岳跃民, 王克林, 张伟, 陈洪松, 王敏. 基于典范对应分析的喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤-环境关系研究. 环境科学, 2008, 29(5): 1400-1405.

Yue Y

, Wang K

, Zhang

, Chen H

, Wang

Relationships between soil and environment in Peak-Cluster depression areas of Karst region based on canonical correspondence analysis.

Environmental Science, 2008, 29(5): 1400-1405. (in Chinese)

喀斯特地区是典型的生态脆弱区,环境容量小,抗干扰能力低,不同的土地利用方式、海拔、地貌地形特征等环境因子对土壤性质的空间变异有重要影响,峰丛洼地地貌景观异常破碎,石漠化严重,土壤性质对其环境的变化更加敏感.在野外调查取样、实验室分析的基础上,采用典范对应分析(CCA)研究土壤-环境关系.结果表明,不同的环境条件下土壤性质的空间变异有很大差异,全氮、碱解氮、有机碳、速效磷、速效钾、碳氮比的空间变异要比全磷、全钾和pH值的空间变异大,其中全氮、碱解氮和有机碳的空间变异趋势相似;不同的土壤性质与不同的环境因子之间的关联性不同,土壤有机碳、全氮和碱解氮与裸岩率和坡度有很好的关联性,速效钾主要受植被类型的影响,碳氮比与土壤厚度有很好的相关性,而全钾、全磷和pH值受环境的影响相对较小;不同的环境因子对土壤性质的影响程度大小依次为:土地利用方式>植被类型>裸岩率>坡向>土壤厚度>坡度>海拔高度.除全钾和pH值以外,不同的土地利用方式对土壤性质有显著影响.

2014

0.0

乌云娜, 雒文涛, 霍光伟, 李海山, 胡高娃. 草原群落退化演替过程中微斑块土壤碳氮的空间异质动态. 生态学报, 2014: 34(19): 5549-5557.

Wuyunna, Luo W

, Huo G

, Li H

, Hu G

. Spatial heterogeneity dynamics of soil carbon and nitrogen in the mini-patches during degeneration succession of grassland communities. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(19): 5549-5557. (in Chinese)

The Hulunber steppe, located in the north-eastern Inner Mongolia, is one of the representative and typical steppes in northern China. The Hulunber grassland plays a key role in maintaining the ecological security in northeastern China and serves as an important north-eastern ecological protection barrier. This grassland in temperate continental semi-arid region has a remarkable transition of climate, soil, vegetation, and biogeochemical cycling from north to south and supports diverse species of plants and animals as well as the regional socio-economic development. All these features offer an unique opportunity for examining spatial heterogeneity of grasslands in relation to degeneration. Carbon-nitrogen stoichiometry is one of the important indicators of vegetation composition, ecosystem function, and nutrient status. However, to our knowledge, factors driving these soil nutrients patterns at micro-scale still remain uncertain. Given the importance of plant carbon and nitrogen chemistry in biology, physiology, and biogeochemistry, it is important to understand patterns of plant carbon and nitrogen at micro-scales and their possible links to ecosystem-scale biogeochemical cycling. Spatial heterogeneity dynamics in the mini-patches is one of the most active ingredients in the process of grassland degradation. To demonstrate how grazing affects soil carbon and nitrogen status, we analyzed large datasets including 900 observations of soil samples in temperate grasslands in northern China. Using geo-statistical analyses, we studied the spatial heterogeneity of soil total carbon, total nitrogen, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in mini-patches of degraded Stipa krylovii grassland with different grazing intensities in Hulunber, Inner Mongolia. A sampling plot of 1 m×1 m was selected within each mini-patch, and a total of 100 quadrats of 10 cm×10 cm were determined in each plot. Soil samples (0-10 cm depth) were collected from each quadrat. We hypothesized that "nutrient accumulation effect" is the primary explanation for the spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients in temperature grasslands. The results indicated that the contents of soil total carbon, soil total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen were highest in moderate grazing plots, followed by heavy grazing and light grazing plots. The spatial heterogeneity of soil total carbon was highest in moderate grazing, followed by light grazing and heavy grazing plots, whereas the spatial heterogeneity of soil nitrogen was most significant in heavy grazing, followed by light and moderate grazing plots. The most obvious change in spatial heterogeneity of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen appeared in moderate grazing, followed by heavy grazing and light grazing. Changes in littering and the related soil biochemical transformation may occur in grassland communities under different grazing intensities, which, in turn, may result in reduction of nutrient pool and in increases of spatial heterogeneity. These changes in soil nutrient status may ultimately affect nutrient cycling and ecosystem productivity. These data showed that the scale-dependent variability of enrichment and migration of soil nutrition may influence the progress of grassland succession. The present study provides insight into the question of how plants have adapted to different environmental pressures, and contribute to better calibration of future soil-degradation models.

微斑块变化是草原退化过程中的活跃成分。分析了呼伦贝尔克氏针茅草原逆行演替过程中微斑块土壤全碳、全氮和碱解氮含量的空间异质性，提出了“养分聚集效应”的概念。研究结果表明：随着群落退化演替的加剧，土壤全碳、全氮和碱解氮的含量均表现为演替前期>演替后期>演替中期（ P 演替前期>演替后期，全氮表现为演替后期>演替前期>演替中期，碱解氮表现为演替中期>演替后期>演替前期。草原退化过程中土壤养分在微斑块上的富积和迁移表现出尺度依赖性和变异性。

2014

0.0

罗上华, 毛齐正, 马克明, 邬建国. 北京城市绿地表层土壤碳氮分布特征. 生态学报, 2014, 34(20): 6011-6019.

Luo S

, Mao Q

, Ma K

, Wu J

Spatial distribution of soil carbon and nitrogen in urban greenspace of Beijing.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(20): 6011-6019. (in Chinese)

Urbanized land cover and urban populations in China both have increased markedly since 1980s. The rapid and massive urbanization has resulted in widespread ecological and environmental consequences from local to regional and national scales. To alleviate the negative impacts of urbanization and make our cities more sustainable, it is important to understand how urbanization affects biogeochemical cycles, particularly C and N dynamics. So far, however, understanding of urban soil biogeochemistry is rather limited, and more research is urgently needed. In this study, we collected 490 top-soil samples (0-20cm) from different types of green space in urban and suburban area within the sixth-ring road range of Beijing, China. We analyzed concentration and density of soil organic carbon (SOC), inorganic carbon (SIC), total carbon (TC), and total nitrogen (TN), in order to explore the characteristics of the spatial distribution of carbon and nitrogen in the top layer of urban soils. The results showed that urban soils had higher SOC and SIC contents than suburban soils, and soil carbon content varied significantly between different land uses. The roadside tree pit soils had significantly higher SOC, SIC and TC density than other land-use type, and differences in SOC content among other types were not significant. SIC densities of residential, institutional, parks and transportation soil were significantly higher than those of suburban forests, nurseries, and orchards. For urban sites, roadside tree pit had highest SOC, SIC, and TC density, whereas park had lowest SOC, SIC, and TC. The difference in SOC between different land use were not significant. For suburban sites, roadside tree pit also had the highest SOC, SIC, and TC. The differences in SOC and TC among other land cover types were not significant. Shelterbelt and productive plantations had lower SIC densities than other land cover types throughout the entire metropolitan. Comparing similar land cover types between urban and suburban sites, institutional and transportation had significant higher SOC than the same types in the suburban sites. Yet urban parks and roadside tree pits had slightly lower SOC than the similar types in the suburban area. Urban land cover types had higher SIC and TC than the same land cover types of the suburban sites. Significantly negative correlations existed among SOC, SIC and TC, as well as between these variables and distance from the urban core. In other words, SOC, SIC, and TC tended to decrease with increasing distance away from the urban core. This indicates that urbanization in Beijing has augmented the local soil carbon pool to some extent. No significant differences in soil TN were found between land cover types or between urban and suburban sites. But TN and C/N tended to decrease along the urban-rural gradient. Further studies are needed to clarify the effects of urbanization on soil nitrogen in the Beijing region.

在北京中心城区及周边郊区（覆盖六环路范围），采集不同类型绿地表层（0-20cm）土壤样品490份，测定了土壤有机碳、无机碳、全碳和全氮含量，探讨了城市土壤碳氮分布特征。结果表明：城市不同类型绿地土壤中碳含量差异明显，行道树土壤的有机碳、无机碳和全碳含量均显著高于其他类型绿地，而其它类型土壤有机碳含量差异不显著；居住绿地、道路绿地、单位绿地和公园绿地土壤无机碳含量显著高于生产绿地、防护绿地；城市土壤有机碳、无机碳和全碳含量与距离城市中心距离呈显著的负相关关系；与郊区土壤相比，城区绿地土壤有机碳、无机碳含量有富集的趋势，且无机碳增加更加明显；与郊区农业土壤相比，城市绿地土壤中有机碳有明显地增加趋势，说明北京的城市化在一定程度上有利于土壤碳库的累积。不同类型绿地土壤全氮含量差异不显著，城郊之间全氮含量也无显著差异，土壤全氮质量分数和碳氮比有逐渐减小的趋势，城市化对土壤氮的影响需要进一步研究。

2006

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王长庭, 龙瑞军, 曹广民, 王启兰, 丁路明, 施建军. 三江源地区主要草地类型土壤碳氮沿海拔变化特征及其影响因素. 植物生态学报, 2006, 30(3): 441-449.

Wang C

, Long R

, Cao G

, Wang Q

, Ding L

, Shi J

Soil carbon and nitrogen contents along elevation gradients in the source region of Yangtze, Yellow and Lantsang rivers.

Journal of Plant Ecology, 2006, 30(3): 441-449. (in Chinese)

Soil is an important component of the terrestrial ecosystem and plays a critical role in global carbon cycle. Better understanding the distribution pattern of soil carbon storage along environmental gradients will facilitate the projection of global change on terrestrial C cycling. This study was conducted toexamine soil organic carbon and nitrogen contents in major grassland types along elevation gradients in the source region of Yangtze, Yellow and Lantsang Rivers. Soil organic carbon and nitrogen contents were greater at the highest (5 120 m a.s.l.) and lowest (4 176 m a.s.l.) sites and lower at middle site. Soil organic carbon and nitrogen contents increased with soil moisture along the altitudinal gradient. Partial correlation analysis showed that spatial variability of soilorganic carbon and nitrogen contents at 0-30 cm soil layers could be primarilyexplain by soil moisture with partial correlation coefficients of 0.946 5、0.905 9 （ p

以三江源地区主要草地类型为研究对象，分析了不同草地类型土壤有机碳和全氮的变化特征及其与环境因子、土壤特征等的相互关系。结果表明：沿着海拔的逐渐升高，土壤有机碳和全氮含量均呈现出 “V"字形变化规律，即土壤有机碳氮含量在海拔最高处（5 120 m ）和最低处（4 176 m）比较高，而在中间海拔梯度较低，土壤有机碳与全氮含量极显著相关（r= 0.905）且高寒草甸土壤碳、氮含量高于高山草原土壤碳、氮含量；土壤中有机碳含量和全氮含量均随着土壤含水量的增加而增加，偏相关分析结果表明：对0～30 cm土层中土壤有机碳和土壤全氮影响最大的是土壤含水量，偏相关系数为0.946 5、0.905 9（p<0.01）；土壤有机碳含量和全氮含量与植被盖度和草地生产力存在正相关趋势；土壤有机碳含量和全氮含量与土壤pH值和全盐量存在负相关趋势。

... 高山草原^[34] ...

2014

0.0

赵娜, 庄洋, 赵吉. 放牧和补播对草地土壤有机碳和微生物量碳的影响. 草业科学, 2014, 31(3): 367-374.

Zhao

, Zhang

, Zhao

Effects of grassland managements on soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon.

Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(3): 367-374. (in Chinese)

In order to evaluate the carbon source/carbon sink function of grassland and explore the sustainable grassland management measures, the combined methods of field sampling and laboratory analysis were employed to analyze the variation of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) in Xilingol typical grassland in Inner Mongolia. The effects of different management and grazing measures on the distribution and carbon reserves of SOC and SMBC were discussed. The studied measures included fenced enclosure for 29 years (WF29), fenced enclosure for 8 years (WF8), filling-up Medicago sativa (RA), filling-up Leymus chinensis (RC), and three grazing measures . The surface soil layer was higher carbon pool because the SOC and SMBC in the soil profile decreased with soil depth increasing. The SOC and SMBC of WF8 and WF29 were higher than that of HG in root system soil layer (0-30 cm). There were significantly positive effects of WF8 management on SMBC and SOC. There was significantly positive correlation ( P <0.05) between SOC and SMBC. The variations of SMBC not only reflect the changes of SOC, but aslo reflect the changes of soil organic carbon pool. The total SOC and SMBC carbon reserves were 788.84 Gg C and 9.47 Gg C in Xilinhot, respectively. The SOC and SMBC carbon reserves were highest under fenced enclosure for 8 years (661.76 Gg C, 6.76 Gg C), and lowest under the artificial filling-up measures (0.61 Gg C, 5.73 t C). SOC and SMBC were the indicators of soil fertility and soil quality and important evaluation index of grassland carbon sink.

为评估草地的碳源/汇功能, 探索可持续发展的草地管理措施, 以内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原为研究区域, 采用野外调查取样结合室内分析的方法, 分析了土壤有机碳(Soil Organic Carbon, SOC)和土壤微生物量碳(Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon, SMBC)的变化规律, 探讨了围栏封育29年(WF29)、围栏封育8年(WF8)、补播苜蓿( Medicago sativa )(RA)、补播羊草( Leymus chinensis )(RC)、以及轻度放牧(LG)、中度放牧(MG)和重度放牧(HG)共7种处理对SOC和SMBC分布的影响以及草地SOC和SMBC碳库储量的大小。结果表明, 从土壤剖面来看, SOC、SMBC含量在土壤表层较高, 为草地的主要碳库, 随着土壤深度的增加呈现降低的趋势。土壤根系层(0－30 cm)中, WF8、WF29、RA、RC、LG和MG的SOC和SMBC均高于HG, 其中WF8正效应较为明显, 有利于提高SMBC与SOC含量。SOC与SMBC呈显著正相关关系( P <0.05)。可以通过SMBC的变化反映SOC的变化, 进而反映SOC碳库的变化。经估算, 锡林浩特市草地0－30 cm总的SOC和SMBC碳储量分别为788.86和9.48 Gg。其中, 围封8年的SOC和SMBC碳储量的值都为最高, 分别为661.76和6.76 Gg, 人工种草措施的值均为最低, 分别为0.61 Gg和5.73 t。SOC和SMBC含量对于土壤肥力和土壤品质变化有指示作用, 可作为草地碳汇的重要评估指标。

... 这种不同的结果可能与温度的高低,植被凋落物的多少及微生物活动^[35]的强弱有关 ...

1998

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李凌浩. 土地利用变化对草原生态系统土壤碳贮量的影响. 植物生态学报, 1998, 22(4): 13-15.

Li L

Effects of land -use change on soil carbon storage in grassland ecosystems.

Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 1998, 22(4): 13-15. (in Chinese)

摘　要：本文概述了长期非持续性土地利用（草原开垦和过度放牧）对草原生态系统土壤碳贮量影响的有关研究成果和进展，指出了今后这方面研究的重点内容和对策。

2015

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袁晓波, 尚振艳, 牛得草, 傅华. 黄土高原生态退化与恢复. 草业科学, 2015, 32(3): 363-371.

Yuan X

, Shang Z

, Niu D

, Fu

Advances in ecological degeneration and restoration of Loess Plateau.

Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(3): 363-371. (in Chinese)

The Loess Plateau is the one of the most vulnerable areas of ecological environment, mainly characteried by serious soil erosion in China, which restrict the economic development of the region and the improvement of living standard. Therefore, it is very important to govern the ecological environment of Loess Plateau. This paper mainly analyzes and discusses three aspects of Loess Plateau, which include the particularity of geomorphology, topography, climate and soil. Simultaneously, we summarizethe relevant measures of ecological restoration combining the current status of Loess Plateau deterioration and analyzing the reasons which result in the deterioration. Finally, we present some suggestions for the problems which mainly relate to the ecological restoration of Loess Plateau in recently relevant researches so as to provide some guidances for ecological environment comprehensive management of the Loess Plateau in future.

我国的黄土高原不仅是水土流失最为严重的地区，同时也是生态环境最脆弱的地区之一，严重地限制着该区域经济发展和人们生活水平的提高，因此，加大对黄土高原生态环境的恢复治理显得尤为重要。本文在详细分析黄土高原地形地貌、气候及土壤3个方面特殊性的基础上，综述了当前黄土高原退化现状以及造成其退化的原因，提出了生态恢复治理的综合措施，并对当前黄土高原生态恢复相关研究中所存在的问题提出了建议。

0.0

2010

0.0

孟凡乔, 肖斐雯, 孙向平, 焦子伟, 依力汉木, 陈勇, 吴文良, 郭岩彬. 新疆伊犁河流域有机产业发展潜力分析. 新疆农业科学, 2010, 47(10): 2037-2044.

Meng F

, Xiao F

, Sun X

, Jiao Z

, Yilihanmu, Chen

, Wu W L, Guo Y B. Analysis on development potentiality of organic industry in Ili river valley of Xinjiang. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2010, 47(10): 2037-2044. (in Chinese)

[目的]分析新疆伊犁河流域发展有机农业的必要性.[方法]采用资料收集和农户调查的方法.作为新疆重要的经济区,伊犁河流域面临着发展农牧业经济和保护生态环境的双重挑战.(1)优良的光热水土资源,非常适合各类作物生长和畜牧业发展.当地污染少,环境质量优良,生产有机和绿色农产品具有环境优势.(2)区域地缘优势突出,有利于开拓中亚市场.(3)在伊犁河水土资源开发的过程中,由于其自然生态条件较为脆弱,土地退化和质量降低、面源污染的风险较大,水土资源开发过程中发展有机农业就显得尤为重要,但对于有机农业的发展规模,则需要从资源条件、肥料等生产资料投入、技术水平以及市场规模等方面进行综合分析和多目标规划.而且有机农业的发展规划是一个动态过程,需要根据社会和经济发展进行调整.[结果]在伊犁河流域发展有机农业,应该(1)调整作物种植结构,实现土地的种养结合.(2)根据规划将新开垦土地数量控制在合理水平,并通过工程和生物措施,降低和避免水土流失、土壤盐碱化,提高水资源利用效率.(3)采取措施,保护天然草场和草地资源,减少由于草地改变引起的土地沙化和退化.(4)在保证畜牧业生产草场肥力和质量的前提下,可以适度利用放牧牲畜粪便进行种植业生产.(5)延长有机产品链条,开发和应用有机加工技术,增加有机产品附加值.加强生产、流通、科研、服务之间的联合,提高农民的组织化水平,确保有机农产品的质量得到保证.拓宽有机产品的营销渠道,培训和提升有机营销能力.

2004

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范天文, 薛发祥, 范守民. 伊犁河谷退耕还草的模式及生态经济效益探讨. 新疆环境保护, 2004, 26(zk): 42-45.

Fan T

, Xue F

, Fan S

Approaching returning the grain plots to grass style of Yili river valley and ecology economy benefits.

Environmental Protection of Xinjiang, 2004, 26(zk): 42-45. (in Chinese)

退耕还林还草、进行生态环境建设是我国政府制定的一项战略性措施.伊犁河谷需要退耕还草的面积为14.13×104hm2,河谷自然地理条件较复杂,不同地域水、土、光、热条件差异较大,本文就伊犁河谷不同地域退耕还草的模式、生态经济效益及相关技术问题进行了探讨.

2011

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孙文义, 邵全琴, 刘纪远, 肖桐. 三江源典型高寒草地坡面土壤有机碳变化特征及其影响因素. 自然资源学报, 2011, 26(12): 2072-2087.

Sun W

, Shao Q

, Liu J

, Xiao

Alpine slope grassland s and its influencing factors in the “Three-River Headwaters” region.

Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 26(12): 2072-2087. (in Chinese)

Exploring the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and its influencing factors under different degraded types of alpine slope grasslands was crucial to better understand the changes of soil organic carbon content and responses to global climate change. Two types of alpine grassland (alpine meadow and alpine steppe), and the impact mechanism of soil organic carbon were studied under the influences of external environment, such as water erosion, wind erosion, freezing-thawing erosion and rodent damage in the "Three-River Headwaters" region. The results showed that: the contents of soil organic carbon of alpine meadow dominated by Kobresia pygmaea and Kobresia humilis were higher than alpine steppe dominated by Stipa purpurea Griseb. Under the conditions of the lightly degraded and water erosion, the average content of alpine meadow QMH1 was 2.2 times ( P P P P P <0.05) strongly impacted by lake breeze. The soil organic carbon content was reduced by freeze-thaw erosion, but the difference was not significant. Rodent damage not only reduced the content of soil organic carbon, but also accelerated deterioration of grassland, the average content of soil organic carbon of moderate degradation SDⅠ-Ⅲ around the rat holes were 2.1 time of the extremely degraded grassland SDⅣ-Ⅵ; and the average content of soil organic carbon of the moderately degraded grassland ML2Ⅰ-Ⅱ away from rat holes was 1.6 times of the extremely degraded grassland ML2Ⅳ-Ⅵ. The soil organic carbon of alpine slope grassland was aggravated due to influence by wind erosion, water erosion, freeze-thaw and rodent damage.

以三江源地区高寒草地退化坡面为研究对象,从草地类型、鼠害和自然因素如水蚀、风蚀、冻融作用这一角度上探讨发生在不同退化程度上土壤有机碳的变化特征,对明晰高寒地区退化草地的碳变化机理和全球气候响应具有重要意义。结果表明:同一侵蚀环境条件和退化程度下,以小嵩草、矮嵩草为优势种高寒草甸比以紫花针茅为优势种的高寒草原土壤有机碳蓄存能力高。轻度退化程度受水蚀影响的高寒草甸曲麻河乡QMH1坡面土壤有机碳平均含量是相距3.5 km高寒草原曲麻河乡QMH2坡面的2.2倍( P P P 坡中下位中度退化>坡下位极度退化>坡中上位重度退化,因极度退化坡位处于重度退化的下坡位,表现出极度退化坡位土壤有机碳含量比重度退化坡位高49.3%( P P <0.05)。冻融垮塌降低了高寒退化草地土壤有机碳平均含量,但差异不显著。鼠害影响降低了高寒退化草地土壤有机碳的平均含量,并加速了高寒草地退化的进程。中度退化鼠洞周围SDⅠ—Ⅲ土壤有机碳平均含量是极度退化鼠洞周围SDⅣ—Ⅵ的2.1倍;而未受鼠害影响的中度退化ML2Ⅰ—Ⅱ土壤有机碳平均含量是极度退化ML2Ⅳ—Ⅵ的1.6倍。高寒坡面草地受水蚀、风蚀、冻融以及鼠害等因素作用加剧了土壤有机碳的损失。

... 18万h m240,人为盲目地就近开垦及过度的放牧破坏了草地资源^[41],使得草地退化,水土流失加剧,土壤有机碳大量流失造成土壤碳素减少 ...

2014

0.0

李明明, 韩凤朋, 刘恒博, 庞国伟, 张兴昌. 1992-2010年黄土高原小流域土壤有机碳时空变异性研究. 干旱区资源与环境, 2014, 28(4): 134-139.

Li M

, Han F

, Liu H

, Pang G

, Zhang X

Analysis of temporal and spatial variability of soil organic carbon change in Loess Plateau small catchment: 1992-2010

Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2014, 28(4): 134-139. (in Chinese)

采用GIS与地统计学相结合的方法,通过1992、2010年两期各82个土壤样本,探讨了1992-2010年黄土高原典型小流域土壤有机碳含量的时空变异性及空间分布变化特征.结果表明:2010年的土壤有机碳平均含量、变异系数均显著高于1992年,两期数据均属于中等变异强度,并符合对数正态分布;近20年来,研究区土壤有机碳含量空间相关性从中等强度增强至强烈相关,受结构因素引起的空间变异逐渐高于随机因素部分;1992、2010年的土壤有机碳含量的半方差函数分别符合球状、指数模型变化趋势;两期数据均表现出斑块状和阶梯状的空间分布格局,时空动态变化明显,地势较为平坦的低洼地区土壤有机碳含量增加显著.普通Kriging插值能直观的反映出该流域土壤有机碳时空分布变化.土地利用变化及一些人类活动能显著影响土壤有机碳含量,也是造成时空分异的主要原因.

... 与直接用克里格插值法对实测土壤有机碳含量做空间插值^[42]的结果相比较,不存在局部偏大偏小的异常值 ...

2013

0.0

文雯, 周宝同, 汪亚峰, 黄勇. 基于辅助环境变量的土壤有机碳空间插值——以黄土丘陵区小流域为例. 生态学报, 2013, 33(19): 6389-6397.

Wen

, Zhou B

, Wang Y

, Huang

Soil organic carbon interpolation based on auxiliary environmental covariates: A case study at small watershed scale in Loss Hilly region.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(19): 6389-6397. (in Chinese)

Maps of regional spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) in detail are needed to guide sustainable soil uses and management decisions. Spatial interpolation methods include deterministic methods and geo-statistical methods. Deterministic method is based on mathematical functions, whichsearch for the spatial similarities within a certain geographical area, such as inverse distance weighting method(IDW), or create prediction surface by the known samples based on smoothness such as radial-based function method(RBF); Geo-statistical method is one of the important means for soil mapping supported by geographical and ecological parameters. It can achieve unbiased optimal estimation of regionalized variables by using the statistical property of the known samples, and on the basis of theoretical analysis of semi-variogram, such as ordinary kriging method(OK). Many of these methods perform well in areas with gentle terrains. However it is uncertain how these methods perform to capture SOC variations in complex terrains, especially in those areas where land uses are highly influenced by human activities, such as in the Loess Plateau of China. Therefore, four methods were applied to predict SOC content spatial explicitly at typical small watershed in the Loess Plateau of China including Ordinary Kriging method(OK), Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method, Radial-Based Function method(RBF), and Ordinary kriging modified with land-use type method(OK_LU) in the present research to evaluate their usability. The purpose of this study is to find appropriate methods which are suitable to the complex terrain in Loess Plateau region of China. The study area was a typical watershed in Loess Plateau with complex hilly gully terrain and various land-use types. A field sampling dataset of 188 points was divided into two parts randomly:75% for model building and 25% for accuracy validation. The accuracy validation points were used to compare the predicted value with measured value to check the similarity at each point. Prediction results were validated using Pearson's Correlation Coefficient( R ), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) and Accuracy (AC).The model with higher R and lower MAE and RMSE, while the AC value is closer to 1 was regarded as more relevant, less biased and more accurate. Results showed that: (1) The values of MAE and RMSE produced by OK method were the lowest, while the values of R and AC were the largest, which indicated OK's highest effectiveness in SOC interpolation to yield the most accurate results among the three ordinary methods. IDW method ranked behind OK and followed by RBF method in interpolation effectiveness. (2) OK_LU was the best method for predicting SOC in this study. The prediction by OK_LU had more details of depicting the local variation under land-use types. MAE by OK_LU decreased from 0.900% to 0.567%, RMSE decreased from 1.101% to 0.777%, R increased from 0.4026 to 0.5589, and AC increased from 0.9081 to 0.9505 comparing with OK. In conclusion, OK_LU gave more precise evaluation which was critical for obtaining accurate spatial distribution of SOC in Loess Hilly regions. This will be of interests for related research in similar environments.

利用普通克里格法(OK)、反距离加权法(IDW)、径向基函数法(RBF)、基于土地利用类型修正的普通克里格法(OK_LU)4种插值方法,对黄土丘陵羊圈沟小流域的土壤有机碳含量进行空间插值。预测结果的准确性通过Pearson相关系数( R ),平均绝对误差(MAE),均方根误差(RMSE),准确度(AC)来评价。研究结果表明:(1)在前3种常规空间插值方法中,OK对刻画区域土壤有机碳的空间分布趋势效果最佳,其预测MAE值和RMSE值均为最小,Pearson相关系数(R)和准确度(AC)最大,说明其预测结果的准确性最好、预测的极端误差也最小;其次为RBF;IDW预测的效果最差。(2)OK_LU在空间特征表达方面能够更好地反映复杂地形区的局部变异,其插值结果的精度相比OK有一定程度的提高,其平均绝对误差(MAE)从0.900%降到了0.567%,均方根误差(RMSE)从1.101%降到了0.777%,Pearson相关系数(R)从0.4026提高到0.5589,准确度(AC)从0.9081提高到0.9505。综合比较,在黄土丘陵地区,OK_LU能使插值结果的精度有较大提高,是土壤有机碳空间制图的有效途径。

... 有研究表明^[43],基于土地类型修正的克里格插值法的有机碳空间化插值的结果优于普通克里格插值法、反距离权重法和径向基函数法(RBF),而本研究同时考虑了6个生态因子,空间化结果更优 ...