以不同渗透势的PEG-6000溶液(0～-1.8 MPa)为模拟干旱胁迫条件,研究了盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum)、黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum Murr)、沙蒿(Artemisia arenaria)和油蒿(Artemisiaordosica)4种荒漠植物种子萌发及幼苗生长对干旱胁迫的响应.结果表明:干旱胁迫对4种荒漠植物种 子萌发有显著的影响(JP沙蒿>油蒿>黑果枸杞.

用不同浓度PEG6000的1/2Hoagland溶液模拟干旱胁迫条件,对沙枣、柠条、杠柳、白蜡4种植物种子的总萌发率、幼苗鲜重、活力指数进行研究.结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧4种植物种子的总萌发率、幼苗鲜重、活力指数呈下降趋势,且白蜡下降幅度最大,但柠条、沙枣、杠柳的抗旱指数显著高于白蜡;(2)4种植物种子的逐日萌发率和胚根日变化表明:低浓度PEG-6000对柠条和杠柳的种子萌发具有较好的诱发作用,白蜡和杠柳种子萌发比较集中,沙枣和柠条相对比较分散;沙枣、柠条和白蜡胚根生长呈线性增长,而杠柳呈指数式增长;(3)采用隶属函数法对干旱胁迫下4种植物的相对萌发率、相对鲜重、抗旱指数、相对活力指数进行综合评价的结果显示,4种植物种子萌发阶段的抗旱性次序为:柠条＞沙枣＞杠柳＞白蜡.

异苞滨藜的果实(种子)存在二型性,这两种类型的果实在形状、大小、颜色及包被其苞片的大小上均有差异.黑色果实果皮光滑,有光泽,直径1.481mm±0.186 mm,包被果实的苞片较小;褐色果实扁平,直径2.642mm±0.254 mm,包被果实的苞片较大.以异苞滨藜的两种果实(种子)为材料,在3个变温条件(5/25 ℃、5/15 ℃、15/25 ℃, 暗12 h /光12 h)下进行萌发实验,褐色种子成熟后即具有一定的萌发能力,最终萌发率都在80% 以上.黑色种子仅在低的夜间温度(5 ℃)和高的昼间温度(25 ℃)条件下有较高的萌发率(＞70%),而在5/15 ℃、15/25 ℃条件下,种子的最终萌发率较低(＜20%),2星期的低温层积处理能够有效地加速和提高黑色种子在3个变温条件下的萌发,划破果皮和种皮也能不同程度的加速和促进黑色种子的萌发,表明黑色种子处于非深度生理休眠状态.苞片中盐含量低,苞片对褐色种子萌发无抑制作用.异苞滨藜的果实(种子)二型性及其萌发行为是对荒漠异质环境的适应.

对角果藜 (Ceratocarpus arenarius L.)的种子形态进行了观测,并进行了种子萌发实验,探讨了角果藜的地上地下结果特性。结果表明:角果藜的地上果实和地下果实的颜色、大小、质量均存在差 异;种子的异质性导致了地上种子、地下种子(果实)的不同萌发行为;角果藜地上种子、地下种子的萌发率均较低,分别为32%、27%(30d) (5℃/25℃);划破种皮可显著提高地上种子和地下种子的萌发率(P0.05);延长储藏时间能显著提高地上种子的萌发率(P0.05),也能部分提高 地下种子的萌发率,表明地上种子和地下种子均属于生理休眠,但地上种子的休眠程度浅;角果藜的地上地下结果性是对荒漠极端环境适应的一种特殊繁殖策略。

Borszczowia aralocaspica is an endemic species in the Central Asian deserts, with utricles and perianth coating the fruit and healing into berry-like dispersal units. To better understand how B. aralocaspica is adapted to its desert habitat, we studied its dispersal units, seed morphs, and germination characteristics. B. aralocaspica produces two types of dispersal units and utricles that differ in size. The dispersal units are green and fleshy when young and develop either into brown fruit which are big ((2.64±0.03) mm), round, flat, and covered with extended bracteoles or into smaller ((3.68±0.04) mg) black fruit which are lens-shaped with a glossy, smooth testa, covered with extended bracteoles. The seeds of B. aralocaspica were germinated for 30 d in incubators with a 12 h photoperiod and 12 h thermoperiods (dark / light) of 5/15℃, 5/25℃ and 15/25℃. Brown seeds germinated rapidly and had a high percentage germination while black seeds germinated slowly and had a low percentage germination. Percentage germination of the black seeds was increased by scarification of the covering layers (pericarp and seed coat), by cold stratification and by prolonging storage. This suggests that black seeds have the characteristics of non-deep physiological dormancy. Seed dimorphism may allow B. aralocaspica to survive in harsh desert habitats.

异子蓬为中亚荒漠的特有种，其果实为胞果，花被片在结果时宿存包被果实形成浆果状的散布单位。对异子蓬的散布单位、果实形态进行比较观察，并在5/15℃、5/25℃、15/25 ℃（暗/光=12h/12h）3个温变周期下进行种子萌发实验，结果表明:（1）异子蓬的散布单位绿色、浆果状，有大小两种形态；大小两种散布单位内包被的果实在形状、大小、颜色上存在着明显差异。（2）大的散布单位内包被的果实圆形，扁平，褐色，无光泽，直径(2.64±0.03) mm，重量(3.68±0.04) mg；小的散布单位内包被的果实双凸镜形，黑色，有光泽，直径(2.40±0.04) mm,重量(2.86±0.06) mg。（3）褐色种子在3个温变周期下的萌发率都在81%以上，萌发速度快，而黑色种子萌发率低，萌发慢，具有休眠现象。（4）划破种皮及低温层积处理可显著提高黑色种子在3个温变周期下的萌发率，延长储存时间也可有效地促进黑色种子的萌发，表明黑色种子处于非深度生理休眠状态。异子蓬产生的两种不同类型的种子及其在时间和空间上的萌发差异对荒漠异质环境具有重要的适应意义。

[目的]研究异形狭果鹤虱种子的二型性现象.[方法]通过形态、 扩散特征,观察和萌发实验对异形狭果鹤虱的二型性种子进行研究.[结果]长刺小坚果与短刺小坚果的刺长、百粒重存在显著差异,长刺小坚果在扩散中占优势, 种子的传播距离与种子萌发率均成正相关.两者的萌发率也存在显著差异,且长刺小坚果对短刺小坚果的萌发存在抑制作用.异型种子都存在萌发休眠现象,短刺小 坚果在不同温度下的萌发率变化较小,延长储藏时间可以提高异型种子的萌发率.[结论]异形狭果鹤虱种子二型性扩大了种子萌发的时间范围,增加对环境条件的 适合度,有利于其在高度严酷的环境中成功定居和繁衍.

We investigated the relationship between ion concentration of dimorphic seeds and salt tolerance of young seedlings from dimorphic seeds, and the effect of salinity on seedling growth, ion content and photosynthetic characteristics in leaves of plants from dimorphic seeds of Suaeda salsa L. in sand culture. concentrations of Na + , K + , Cl - and total ions of brown seeds were 2.3, 1.5, 1.8 and 2.0 times higher than those of black seeds, respectively. Compared to 0 mmol/L NaCl, 100 and 400 mmol/L NaCl did not inhibit the elongation of seedlings from brown seeds, but the opposite trend was found for seedlings from black seeds. The elongation of seedlings from either brown seeds or black seeds markedly decreased in 800 mmol/L NaCl. Compared to 0 mmol/L NaCl, shoot dry weight significantly increased in 200 mmol/L NaCl, whereas 600 mmol/L NaCl decreased shoot dry weight of plants from dimorphic seeds. Lower salinity (200 mmol/L NaCl) had no effect on the number of the side branches along the main stem of plants from dimorphic seeds, while higher salinity (600 mmol/L NaCl) markedly decreased this number in plants from dimorphic seeds, especially for plants from black seeds. Shoot dry weight and the number of side branches along the main stem of plants from brown seeds were much higher than those of plants from black seeds under salinity. High salinity (600 mmol/L NaCl) decreased the rate of photosynthetic oxygen evolution in leaves of plants from dimorphic seeds. Salinity (200 and 600 mmol/L NaCl) markedly decreased concentrations of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in leaves of plants from black seeds, while 200 mmol/L NaCl had no adverse effect on these parameters in leaves of plants from brown seeds. Leaf Na + concentrations increased with increasing concentration of NaCl, whereas leaf K + concentrations decreased with increasing concentration of NaCl for dimorphic seeds. There was no significant difference in ion concentration, concentration of chlorophyll and the rate of photosynthetic oxygen evolution in leaves of plants from dimorphic seeds of S. salsa . The present results indicate that higher concentrations of ions in brown seeds and better development of brown seeds may be related to higher salt tolerance of seedlings from brown seeds, and more branches may be related to higher biomass of shoots for seedlings form brown seeds. These characteristics of dimorphic seeds of S. salsa may affect their roles in establishment of the population in saline environments. Brown seeds may play a main role in seedling establishment in spring, while black seeds may play a sustaining role in seedling establishment under unfavourable conditions.

研究了盐地碱蓬二型性种子中离子含量与刚萌发幼苗耐盐性之间的关系,以及盐分对砂培盐地碱蓬二型性种子的幼苗生长、离子含量及光合特性的影响。棕色种子中离子含量显著高于黑色种子。与对照相比,100和400 mmol/L NaCl对棕色种子幼苗伸长没有抑制作用,却显著抑制黑色种子幼苗的伸长。 NaCl处理下棕色种子的幼苗地上部分干重和主茎一级分枝数比黑色种子幼苗高,但二型性种子的幼苗叶片中离子含量、叶绿素含量及光合放氧速率却没有明显差异。上述结果说明盐地碱蓬棕色种子较高的离子含量可能是棕色种子刚萌发幼苗耐盐性较强的重要原因。棕色种子幼苗较高的生物量可能与其较多的分枝数有关。二型种子的这些特征可能决定了其在群落建成中所起到的不同作用。

Aims Suaeda corniculata (Chenopodiaceae) is an annual halophyte in salt marshes and saline deserts of northern China. It produces two distinct types of seeds (brown and black). The primary aims of our study were to compare the morphology, dormancy and germination characteristics of dimorphic seeds of S. corniculata in order to elucidate adaptive strategies of the desert halophyte in stressful saline habitat. Methods Seeds were collected in saline habitats in Otog, Nei Mongol. The dimorphic seeds were incubated in different temperature regimes, light and salinity (NaCl) conditions to determine their germination responses. The effects of cold stratification and seed coat scarification on dormancy breaking of black seeds were also tested. Important findings Dimorphic seeds were different in seed mass and testa morphology. Brown seeds were bigger and more permeable to water than black seeds. Seed ratio was 5.6 : 1 (black seeds : brown seeds). Freshly matured brown seeds had a high germination percentage (84%–100%) in all temperature regimes and under either light or dark conditions. By contrast, black seeds had a lower germination percentage (8%–78%) than brown seeds in all temperature regimes, and germination was increased in light. Seed coat scarification, GA 3 treatments and cold stratification significantly increased the germination of black seeds, suggesting that black seeds had non-deep physiological dormancy. Responses of dimorphic seeds to saline stress were different. Brown seeds were more salt-tolerant than black seeds and germinated at a high germination percentage in high salt concentrations. Cold stratification reduced the sensitivity of black seeds to salt stress and increased the initial germination percentage, recovery and final germination in salt solutions. The differences in morphology, dormancy and germination characteristics between dimorphic seeds of S. corniculata increased the species’ fitness to heterogeneous habitats and formed an ecological adaptive strategy that may allow S. corniculata to successfully adapt to the harsh desert habitat.

角果碱蓬( Suaeda corniculata )是藜科一年生盐生植物, 在我国分布于北方盐碱滩涂和盐碱荒漠地区。角果碱蓬具有棕色和黑色两种异型体种子(简称棕色和黑色种子)。对采自内蒙古鄂托克前旗盐渍化生境的角果碱蓬二型种子的形态、休眠和萌发特性开展对比研究, 测定了二型种子休眠和萌发行为对温度、光照和盐分(NaCl)的响应, 以揭示盐生植物异型种子对温带盐漠生境的适应对策。结果表明: (1)二型性种子在大小、种皮特性和结实比例方面有显著差异。与黑色种子相比, 棕色种子个体较大, 种皮透水性强。黑色种子与棕色种子的结实比例约为5.6 : 1。(2)新成熟的棕色种子的萌发对各温度梯度和光照条件不敏感, 萌发率较高(84%–100%); 而新成熟的黑色种子萌发率较低(8%–78%), 萌发对光照敏感。(3)黑色种子具有浅度生理休眠, 种皮划破、赤霉素处理和低温层积均可有效地提高种子的萌发率。(4)二型种子萌发对土壤盐分的胁迫具有不同的响应。与黑色种子相比, 棕色种子对盐分胁迫不敏感, 在较高的盐分浓度下仍有较高的萌发率, 低温层积处理能够降低黑色种子对盐胁迫的敏感性, 有效地提高种子的初始萌发率、萌发恢复率和最终萌发率。角果碱蓬二型种子不同的形态、休眠和萌发特性, 提高了该物种在高度异质性生境中的适合度, 对种群成功地适应温带盐漠环境具有重要的意义。

Seed heteromorphism is the production of seeds of different form or behavior by single individuals. According to the relative position of seeds on the plant, seed heteromorphism can be divided into amphicarpy and heterodiaspory. Seed heteromorphism has been reported in 26 families, 129 genera and 292 species of angiosperms. Most heteromorphic plants studied are annuals, often species in Asteraceae and Chenopodiaceae faced with stochastic environments such as arid, semiarid, desert and saline soil. Seed heteromorphism is generally considered to play an important role in escaping from the negative effect of crowding, reducing sib competition and adapting to environment by following bet-hedging strategy. We review and analyze recent advances in seed heteromorphism research, with emphases on 1) conception and types of seed heteromorphism and the species of the heteromorphic plants, 2) habitats and life types of the heteromorphic plants, 3) ecological characteristics of heteromorphic seeds, 4) theoretical model of seed heteromorphism and 5) ecological significance of seed heteromorphism. In addition, we discuss prospects for further research in this area and suggest 1) species with seed heteromorphism should be investigated and their biological characteristics should be studied and 2) the model plant of seed heteromorphism needs to be selected and ecological, physiological and molecular biological methods should be used to reveal the ontogenetic and molecular controlling mechanisms.

种子异型性是指同一植株产生不同形状或行为种子的现象。根据异型种子在植株上的生长位置, 种子异型性可划分为地上下结实性和地上种子异型性两类。此现象已在26科129属292种被子植物中报道。异型性种子植物主要分布于干旱半干旱区、荒漠和盐渍土地区等干扰强烈的环境, 在菊科和藜科中最为常见, 主要出现在一年生植物中。种子异型性在避免密集负效应、减弱同胞子代间的竞争、采取两头下注策略以适应时空异质性环境等方面具有重要的进化生态意义。该文系统总结了国内外种子异型性的研究工作, 主要内容包括: 1)种子异型性的概念、类型和种类, 2)具有异型种子植物的生境和生活型, 3)异型种子的生态学特性, 4)种子异型性的理论模型, 5)种子异型性的生态意义。在综述文献的基础上, 对今后的研究进行了展望。针对国内外的研究现状, 提出两点建议: 1)系统调查具有种子异型性现象的植物种类, 摸清其生物学特性; 2)确定研究种子异型性现象的模式植物, 从生态学、生理学和分子生物学等学科角度来研究种子异型性的个体发育机制及分子调控机理。

对北京地区一扰动生境中紫花地丁(Viola yedoensis)开放花和闭锁花的产量、结实率和种子质量等繁殖特征进行了比较.开放花在3月初开始开放,雄蕊5枚,具有吸引传粉者开放的花冠等特征.闭锁花4月初开始形成,雄蕊2枚,且与柱头紧密接触,适应闭花受精.在扰动生境中,紫花地丁个体往往形成更多的闭锁花,而且闭锁花的结实率显著高于开放花的结实率.所以,大部分种子都是通过闭锁花闭花受精形成的.但是,开放花产生的种子更大,因而可能具有更高的幼苗存活率.即使在不利生境中,闭锁花也能保障植物繁殖和一定的种子产生.而开放花则产生更多的异交种子以适应新的生境.

Ant-dispersed plants usually produce seeds with appendages (elaiosomes), which are beneficial to ants. It is generally accepted that seed dispersal by ants (myrmecochory) is mediated by the presence of elaiosome that lures ants to transport the diaspores. Several hypotheses have related removal of seeds to nutritional needs of ants, and others have argued the importance of possible handles (i.e. structures that ants can grasp) in transporting by ants. To clarify the functional role of the elaiosome, ant behavior and seed removal rate were assessed by presenting simultaneously three types of items including entire seeds with elaiosome (SE), seeds without elaiosome (S), and seeds with an artificial "handle" glued to seeds (S+H) from five myrmecochorous species from four genera, i.e. Corydalis giraldii Fedde, Corydalis pseudoincisa C. Y. Wu, Chelidonium majus L., Viola grypoceras A. Gray, and Epimedium pubescens Maxim. to their two corresponding dispersing ants including Lasius alienus (Foerster) and Pheidole nietneri Emery in the nest surroundings in the field. Among the five studied plants, we found that the seed size of E. pubescens was significantly larger than that of Corydalis giraldii ( P E. pubescens was the largest, and the elaiosome/seed mass ratio of C. giraldii was the highest. In addition, we found that no significant differences existed in the ant ‘Antennate’, ‘Examine’, and ‘Pick-up attempt’ behaviors among the three types of seeds from each plant species, excluding L. alienus , in which ‘Pick-up attempt’ of the S by ants was greater than that of both SE and S+H in Corydalis giraldii , Corydalis pseudoincisa , and Chelidonium majus plants. For the three types of seeds from each plant species, the removal rate of SE was significantly greater than that of both S+H and S in Corydalis giraldii , Corydalis pseudoincisa , Chenopodium majus , and V. grypoceras by ant L. alienus and in Corydalis giraldii , Corydalis pseudoincisa and V. grypoceras by ant Ph. nietneri . In addition, the removal rate of S+H was significantly greater than that of S in Corydalis giraldii by ant L. alienus . The results indicated that the presence of elaiosomes on seeds might influence ant behavior and their seed removal rate either by serving as an attractant for ants or by both acting as a handle and serving as an attractant for ants. The results further showed that the role of elaiosomes strongly varied depending on the species of each partner in ant-mediated seed dispersal process.

蚁播植物种子上常附着有蚂蚁喜食的油质体,该物体可吸引蚂蚁取食或为蚂蚁提供钳着位点从而影响种子散布。为进一步揭示油质体在种子散布中的作用,在野外研究了4属5种典型蚁播植物包括小花宽瓣黄堇( Corydalis giraldii Fedde)、假刻叶紫堇( C. pseudoincisa C. Y. Wu)、白屈菜( Chelidonium majus L.)、紫花堇菜( Viola grypoceras A. Gray)和柔毛淫羊藿( Epimedium pubescens Maxim.)其相应的搬运蚂蚁即玉米毛蚁( Lasius alienus (Foerster))和尼特纳大头蚁( Pheidole nietneri Emery)对植物完整种子(SE)、去除油质体的种子(S)和粘有人工模拟油质体的种子(S+H)的搬运行为和搬运效率。结果显示,蚂蚁对相同植物3类种子的触碰和检查次数均无显著差异。蚂蚁对种子的尝试搬运次数除玉米毛蚁对小花宽瓣黄堇、假刻叶紫堇和白屈菜去除油质体的种子(S)显著高于完整种子(SE)和粘有人工模拟油质体的种子(S+H)外,其它的均无显著差异。玉米毛蚁对小花宽瓣黄堇、假刻叶紫堇、白屈菜和紫花堇菜以及尼特纳大头蚁对小花宽瓣黄堇、假刻叶紫堇和紫花堇菜完整种子(SE)的搬运效率显著高于粘有人工模拟油质体的种子(S+H)和去除油质体的种子(S),此外,玉米毛蚁对小花宽瓣黄堇粘有人工模拟油质体的种子(S+H)的搬运效率显著高于去除油质体的种子(S)。这说明玉米毛蚁在搬运小花宽瓣黄堇种子过程中油质体不仅起到吸引作用,而且起到钳着位点作用;玉米毛蚁在搬运假刻叶紫堇、白屈菜和紫花堇菜以及尼特纳大头蚁搬运小花宽瓣黄堇、假刻叶紫堇和紫花堇菜种子过程中油质体仅起到吸引作用。研究表明油质体可通过对蚂蚁起吸引作用,或同时起吸引和钳着位点的双重作用等影响种子散布,油质体的影响作用不但取决于植物种类,也与搬运蚂蚁的种类有关。

Viola tuberifera  endemic to QinghaiTibetan Plateau was used to study the amphicarpy and morphological characteristics, spatial location and dispersal mechanism. The results showed that it has three types of fruits, i.e., CH fruit, aerial CL fruit and subterranean CL fruit. The these three fruits were different in quantity, spatial location and mature period. V. tuberifera has sexual and asexual types of diaspores, i.e., CH seeds, aerial CL seeds, subterranean CL seeds and cloning organ bulbs. Though the number of CH seeds was relatively small, the outcross accounted for the major part of CH seeds for necessary variation. The number of aerial CL seeds was the largest and this could ensure the primary approach for longdistance spread. Two subterranean diaspores could not move so the shortdistance spread could keep the continuation of species. The amphicarpy and the diversity of dispersal mechanisms of V. tuberifera was the special reproduction mode as the result of adaptation to the environment of QinghaiTibetan Plateau. The amphicarpy was firstly found in Violaceae in this study.

以青藏高原特有植物块茎堇菜Viola tuberifera为研究对象，对其地上地下结果性以及散布体的形态特征、空间位置和散布机制等进行了研究。块茎堇菜具有地上和地下3种不同类型的果实，分别为地上完全花（CH）果实、地上闭琐花（CL）果实和地下CL果实。3种类型果实在数量、着生位置以及成熟期上存在差异。块茎堇菜兼具有性和无性散布体，分别为CH种子、地上CL种子、地下CL种子和克隆器官鳞茎。其中CH种子数量较少，但以异交为主，保证了必要的变异，地上CL种子数量最多，是远距离散布的主要途径；地下2种散布体具有不可活动性，其近距离传播保证了物种的延续。块茎堇菜地上地下结果性及其散布机制的多样性是其对青藏高原高寒多变环境的适应。

通过对紫花地丁种子进行发芽试验,筛选种子萌发条件(温度、光照及发芽床)的最适组合,探讨不同储藏时间对紫花地丁种子萌发的影响.结果表明:紫花地丁种子不存在休眠现象.种子萌发的最适温度为20/30℃变温或20℃恒温.在适宜温度条件下,光照与否对种子萌发无影响.但是在恒温15℃的低温条件下,黑暗会促进紫花地丁种子萌发.不同的发芽床对紫花地丁种子的萌发无影响,因此推荐采用纸上发芽.储藏8个月后的紫花地丁种子萌发力略有下降.综合考虑萌发率、萌发速度等因素,萌发检测时的初次计数建议为种子置床后的第8天,末次计数为置床后的第21天.紫花地丁的幼苗形态为:具有完整的2个子叶,一条主根,数条侧根,属子叶出土的双子叶植物.人为切断主根后,经过3～7d,长出次生根.因此,在幼苗评价中,当初生根残缺时可充分考虑次生根.

研究了不同成熟度及不同贮藏方法对于紫花地丁种子质量的影响.结果表明,Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级成熟度的种子发芽率、发芽指数最高,种子的千粒重也较高,含水量和电导率最低,表明此时种子活力最高,在种子生产上可于清早采集微微开裂的蒴果以及果皮颜色稍白的饱满挺起蒴果.用塑料袋密封于0℃条件下贮藏6个月后,种子的发芽率及发芽指数没有任何变化,显著高于其它几种贮藏方法,纸袋常温贮藏种子活力下降最为严重.

酢酱草、地黄、秃疮花、紫花地丁是有开发价值的野生地被植物资源.光照有利于地黄、秃疮花、紫花地丁种子的萌发;酢酱草种子萌发的适宜温度是15℃和20℃恒温及变温;地黄种子萌发的适宜温度是20℃、25℃、30℃恒温及变温;秃疮花、紫花地丁种子萌发的适宜温度是20℃、25℃恒温及变温.

摘　要： 紫花地丁为多年生草本植物,其繁殖方式为种子繁殖与分株繁殖。以5月份采集的野生紫花地丁种子为试材,研究不同温度与光照处理对紫花地丁种子发芽特性的影响。结果表明,紫花地丁种子为需光性种子,最适宜的发芽温度为20-25℃,发芽高峰日为第8天,高温或低温不利于种子的萌发;在适宜的温度条件下,光处理的种子发芽率比暗处理的发芽率高出约20百分点,发芽势高出约10百分点,且在恒温20℃时是最高的。表明一定的光照有利于提高种子的萌发率。

摘　要： 以林地铁线莲（Clematis brevicaudata）、齿叶铁线莲（C.serratifolia）、棉团铁线莲（C.hexapetala）和褐毛铁线莲（C.fusca）为试材,研究了不同浓度的赤霉素（GA3）和吲哚乙酸（IAA）浸种处理对4种铁线莲种子萌发的影响。结果表明,20mg·L-1 IAA是林地铁线莲种子萌发的最佳处理浓度,发芽率可达83%,平均发芽时间缩短了4.6d;20mg·L-1 IAA、5mg·L-1 GA3是齿叶铁线莲种子的最佳处理浓度,其种子发芽率分别达到93.4%和90%,平均发芽时间分别缩短了3和2.3d;500mg·L-1 GA3能显著提高棉团铁线莲种子、褐毛铁线莲种子的发芽率,其中棉团铁线莲种子的萌发率由原有的5.1%提高到33.4%,其平均萌发时间缩短不明显,而褐毛铁线莲种子萌发率由原有的4%提高到53.3%,平均萌发时间缩短了2d。

The plant breeding system has become the most active and promising area among the recent evolutionary studies. In its definition, the plant breeding system represents the sum of all sexual characteristics that could possibly in fluence the genetic c

植物繁育系统是当今进化生物学研究中最为活跃的领域。繁育系统是指代表所有影响后代遗传组成的有性特征的总和，主要包括花形态特征、花的开放式样、花各部位的寿命、传粉者种类和频率、自交亲和程度和交配系统，其中交配系统是核心。我们重点综述了植物有性繁育系统研究中1）传粉模式的多样性，2）从历史发生角度利用系统发育方法检验花性状的演化和繁育系统的生态转变过程，3）近交衰退对植物生殖史的影响及其机制和4）混和交配系统的时空动态、维持机理以及进化趋势的最新研究结果。总结了繁育系统在研究花适应性、物种形成机制和濒危植物

Viola tuberifera, which endemic to Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its neighbor region, is a typical dimorphic cleistogamous plant. V. tuberifera conducts sexual propagation via both open, chasmogamous (CH) flowers and closed, obligate self-pollinating aerial and subterranean cleistogamous (CL) flowers. In present research, V. tuberifera in alpine meadow of Qilian Mountain within different altitude gradients during cleistogamous full-blossom period was chosen to investigate characteristics of reproductive allocations for understanding behavior of balancing propagation resource to adapt alpine environment. The results showed that: 1) Trade-offs existed not only in vegetation and reproduction，but also in aerial and subterranean cleistogamous flowers sexual reproduction, and probably in sexual and asexual reproduction; 2) Sexual reproductive allocation wassizedependent, and it was negative power exponent correlation between size and sexual reproductive allocation; 3) With the increase of altitude, it was declined drastically that individual size, total sexual reproductive allocation, and also descend in reproductive allocation of aerial cleistogamous flowers, while had a slightly elevated tendency in reproductive allocation of subterranean cleistogamous flowers and bulbs. Furthermore, the reproductive strategies were also changed with altitudes. In the low altitude(2 800 m), plants chose aerial cleistogamous flowers as major strategy, by contrast, preferring to subterranean cleistogamous flowers and bulbs in the high altitude. In a conclusion, the V. tuberifera may regulate reproductive allocations of aerial and subterranean flowers to gain maximum propagation success, adapting changes in high elevation and cold environment, ensuring survival and thrive of species in the alpine meadow ecosystem.

青藏高原及其边缘地区特有的块茎堇菜（Viola tuberifera）是典型的两型闭锁花结实植物，通过开放花、地上、地下闭锁花进行有性繁殖。为探讨其如何通过繁殖资源权衡适应高海拔环境，选择祁连山高寒草甸3个海拔梯度下块茎堇菜为对象，研究了其闭锁花盛花期的繁殖分配特征。结果发现，1）块茎堇菜营养生长和繁殖间、地上和地下闭锁花有性繁殖分配间存在权衡关系，有性和无性繁殖间可能存在权衡；2）块茎堇菜的有性繁殖分配具个体大小依赖性，与个体大小呈负幂指数相关；3）随海拔升高，总生物量显著减小（P<0.05），总有性繁殖分配下降，其中地上闭锁花繁殖分配下降，但地下闭锁花繁殖分配略有上升。繁殖方式也随海拔发生变化，在低海拔（2 800 m）以地上闭锁花为主，高海拔（3 100 m）以地下闭锁花和鳞茎为主。研究结果表明，块茎堇菜可能通过权衡地上和地下闭锁花的资源分配来获得最大的繁殖成效，以适应高海拔环境变化，保障在高寒环境中的生存和繁衍。

Seed dimorphism (polymorphism) can be defined as the production of two (or more than two) different types of seeds by a single individual. The seeds may be different in morphological and/or physiological aspects. Seed dimorphism or polymorphism is found in many plant species of Asteraceae, Poaceae, Brassicaceae and Chenopodiaceae. Dimorphic seeds typically differ in the presence/absence of dispersal structures (e.g., pappus, trichomes). In members of Asteraceae, peripheral achenes are persistent, large, dormant and sensitive to light, temperature, water and salt; while central archenes are dispersible, small and non-dormant. Dormant seeds or the seeds which are sensitive to environmental factors are an essential part of a seed bank. Seedlings from dimorphic seeds differ at the early stage (40 days old for Hedypnois cre tica), but the difference decreases quickly for H. cretica(no difference at 70 days old), while the difference persists during the life cycle for Atriplex Sagittata . Both kinds seedlings produce dimorphic seeds in next generation. Environmental factors such as water, salt, nutrient and density stress affect the ratio of dimorphic seeds. Genetic factors also affect this ratio with a heritability factor of 0.2～0.5. Seed dimorphism is a quantitative genetic character and is under the control of more than two genes (locus). In order to explain the causes of seed dimorphism, two models are proposed based ecological and ontogenetic constraints: bet-hedging (high risk/low risk) strategy and ontogenetic model. Dimorphic seeds from different individuals of the same species differ considerably in their structure, germination/dormancy characters, responses to environmental stresses, early seedling growth and genetic aspects. Generally, seed dimorphism (polymorphism) is a consequence of long-term (evolutionary) interactions between environmental and genetic factors - an ecological adaptation to variable environment. The underlying mechanisms of seed dimorphism are very complex and unclear. Four guidelines are proposed for future studies: biotechnology procedures to identify genetic mechanisms of seed dimorphism, molecular biology techniques to identify phytohormone differences in dimorphic seeds, the current ecophysiological studies to understand the relative importance of various environmental factors and life cycle research.

植物种子的二形性（多形性）是指在同一棵植株上生长有形态结构、生理、生态学特性等方面有很大差异的两种（多种）种子。这种现象在自然界中比较普遍，特别是菊科、藜科、禾本科、十字花科中最为常见。二形性种子可分为有扩散结构和没有扩散结构（如冠毛和表皮毛状体）两种。如菊科的边花种子一般不具有扩散结构、个体较大，具有休眠特性和对光、温度、水、盐分等环境因子的敏感特性；而中间花种子一般具有扩散结构，个体较小，不具有休眠特性。具有休眠特性和对环境因子比较敏感的种子是形成土壤种子库的主要成分。二形性种子产生的幼苗在前期形态大小上都有差异，但生长后期有些差异不显著（70 days old for  Hedypnois cretica ），有些仍很显著（ Atriplex Sagittata ）。这二形性幼苗所产生的后代同样也具有二形性现象。二形性种子产生的比例受环境因素的影响，例如：水、盐、养分和密度胁迫等。遗传因素也影响二形性种子的比例，其遗传率一般在0.2～0.5之间，是一种数量遗传性状，受多个基因控制。为了解释二形性种子产生的原因，从生态学和个体发育的角度提出了两个模型：生态进化模型（两面下注策略或高/低风险策略）和个体发育模型。不同植物的二形性（多形性）种子在结构、发芽/休眠特性、对环境因子的反应、幼苗特性、两者的比例受遗传和环境因素的影响不尽相同。种子二形性（多形性）是植物本身的遗传特性和环境因素共同作用产生的现象，是植物适应环境的一种生理、生态机制，是植物长期进化的结果。总之，二形性种子的形成机理非常复杂，目前还不是很清楚。对以下４个方面的研究进行了展望：采用生物技术的手段研究种子二形性的遗传机制；二形性种子激素等化学物质含量的差异；目前各种环境因素对植物生长的生理生态学意义；二形性植物生活史的系统研究

盐生植物盐爪爪[Kalidium foliatum (Pall.) Moq.]、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa L.Pall)、中亚滨藜(Atriplex centralasi atiea Iljin)、西伯利亚白刺(Nitraria sibiricaPall),在中国禹城地区[φ(N)=36°55′,λ(E)=116°40′]含盐量较高(1%～1.3%)的试验田中分别种植.出苗后定苗,株密度n=80 m-2,小区面积为4 m2,每种植物3个重复.种植前分别测定土壤Na+含量,N、P、K含量,有机质含量,细菌和真菌数量.萌发后15 d测定植株干重、植株Na+含量.在花芽形成期收获,再测定植物干重和植株Na+含量,以及土壤Na+含量,N、P、K含量,有机质含量,细菌和真菌数量.结果发现,盐渍土壤种植4种盐生植物1个季度后,土壤Na+含量显著降低,每季盐爪爪从土壤中吸收Na+量9 345.6 kg/hm2,盐地碱蓬吸收Na+量6 851.4kg/hm2,西伯利亚白刺吸收6 019.2 kg/hm2,中亚滨藜吸收6 098.4 kg/hm2.土壤有机质,N、P、 K以及细菌和真菌数量也有不同程度的增加.这再次证明,盐生植物是一类良好的吸盐植物.并对盐渍土壤种植盐生植物后Na+盐降低、土壤肥力和微生物数量增加的原因进行了讨论. 表7 参13

摘　要： 种子大小和幼苗更新对策是植物生活史策略的重要组成部分．本文从不同侧面综述了当前国内外关于种子大小和幼苗之间关系的生态学研究，包括：种子大小对萌发出土的影响，种子大小与幼苗形态生长特性之间的关系，种子大小与幼苗存活、竞争能力之间关系等，并对今后的相关研究进行了展望．在不同的微环境和植被类型下，种子大小与幼苗生长之间的关系可能有所差异；种子大小对植物幼苗生长的影响导致种子大小不同的植物对植被幼苗更新补充的贡献不同；种子大小与幼苗生活史策略关系在大尺度的群落空间水平上和小尺度的物种间与物种内的研究对于天然植被的更新恢复研究具有重要意义．

Worldwide urbanization occurred since the industrial revolution, and this trend is expected to last in the coming decades. Dramatic land use/ cover change (LUCC) driven by urbanization has been the most prominent force in the degradation of the structure and function of the ecosystems, thus undermining the capacity of the ecosystems to sustain the development of human society. Therefore, LUCC driven by urbanization has recently attracted much attention. Locally and globally, combined with the knowledge of socio-economic and biophysical sciences, modelling LUCC and its environmental impacts can be employed as a useful tool to assess the adverse or favourable impacts on the ecosystem functions, which are the key foundation for the sustainability of human society and balance of global ecosystems. So far many efforts have been made to enhance the effectiveness of LUCC models. However, due to the complexity of the interactive systems, it is still difficult to understand, explain, and predict the dynamics and trends of LUCC and its possible ecological consequences. Although there is the close correlation between LUCC and urban ecological security, and the driving forces of land use changes have been well documented, whereas papers of impacts of land use changes on urban ecological security are scarce. Based on the review of published papers on LUCC and urban ecological security (UES), the concept of UES is redefined. Two stages of studies on UES have also been identified: the early qualitative research and the current quantitative research. Furthermore, three aspects worth further studies are emphasized:(1) Due to the incomplete theories of UES, the role of LUCC in the integrated assessment of UES was ignored .Therefore, it′s still difficult to use LUCC as the guidance to the urban planning and construction; (2) Methods including information technique, mathematical model, GIS, Environmental impact assessment(EIA), Ecological risk assessment (ERA) , and policy analysis were seldom incorporated in the studies of the ecological effects of urban land use. In practice, dynamical simulation and multi-scenarios analysis are expected to serve as the basis for decision-making. Also, the effectiveness of the above integrated methods needs to be assessed to produce the optimized paradigm for the study on urban security; (3) Detection of land use dynamics, mechanism of driving forces, and ecological responses were seldom employed in the comprehensive studies on regional ecological security and ecological control of urbanization. Therefore, such studies have limited practical significance. Finally, future trends of LUCC and urban security studies are discussed : (1) Close linkage of LUCC and accompanied ecological consequences at different levels should be achieved, given the widely adopted LUCC monitoring networks by national and international agencies; (2) Application of integrated methods, including GIS, RS, EIA, ERA, spatial analysis, economic models, metabolism models, etc., should be developed on the basis of explicit case studies ; (3) Based on the theories and principles of interdisciplinary sciences, the detailed and rational frameworks for the evaluation methods and indicator systems should be developed .

对国际上已经发表的10个土壤种子库分类系统的内容进行了总结和阐述，并对土壤种子库分类系统进行了评述，其中Thompson & Grime 在1979年提出的把土壤种子库分为短暂土壤种子库(Transient soil seed bank)和持久土壤种子库(Persistent seed bank）的二元分类系统以及Thompson等人提出的把土壤种子库分为(1)短暂土壤种子库，(2)短期持久土壤种子库(Short term persistent seed bank)，(3)长期土壤种子库(Long term persistent seed bank)的三元分类系统在生态学文献中已被广泛采用。在此分类的基础上产生了植物种子在土壤中的持久性(Persistence)概念，持久性是指植物的一种特性，是指植物的种子在土壤中能够存活超过1a的特性；植物种子的持久性被认为是一种对环境的进化适应，它可以在多个生长季节萌发从而分担环境震荡的风险，持久土壤种子库不仅在不稳定的环境里占有优势；即使在稳定的环境里，也被认为能够减少种内和种间的竞争；造成持久性的原因可分为环境因子和种子本身的特性比如休眠等两个方面，持久土壤种子库的出现使得土壤种子库的研究与进化生物学结合起来，使得土壤种子库的研究进入一个新的领域，更易激发人们的兴趣。关于种子的大小、形状及持久性的关系问题已经引起了相当的争论，基本上有4种格局：一是种子大小和形状与种子在土壤中的持久性有关，小而圆或扁的种子在土壤易存活持久；二是种子大小与种子在土壤中的持久性有关，小种子在土壤中易存活持久，但种子形状与持久性无关；三是种子大小、形状与种子在土壤中的持久性无关；四为较大的种子在土壤易存活持久，而种子形状与种子在土壤中的持久性无关。影响种子在土壤中的持久性因子比较复杂，总结过去的文献发现主要有以下几个因子：①种子的散布方式，②捕食，③植被的物种组成，④风，⑤土壤基质，⑥火，⑦干扰等。通过比较分析和研究，提出影响种子大小和在土壤中的持久性关系格局的关键因子是气候，特别是生态系统所在地的雨量；湿润气候下容易产生前两种格局，而干旱环境下的生境容易产生后两种格局。

Xanthium italicum (Asteraceae) is an annual species bearing dimorphic seeds. Each of its capitulum produces only one upper seed and one lower seed. It is productive, adaptable, and harmful to crops and environment. For a better understanding of X. italicum′s ecological adaptation, we studied its seed germination, its plant growth characteristics, and its ecological adaptability. The results showed that: (1) Lower seeds needed 13 to 15 days to reach a 50% germination, which was 5 to 7 days earlier than that of upper seeds. (2) In creasing amounts of leaf area at the interim developmental stage of the 1st to 7th leaves on the main stems of the plants of the lower seeds were significantly greater than that of the plants of the upper seeds. The plants of the lower seeds were notably higher than the plants of the upper seeds during the same period. On the contrary, increasing amounts of leaf area at the early or interim developmental stages of the 9th to 13th leaves on the main stems of the plants of the upper seeds were significantly greater than that of the plants of the lower seeds. No differences appeared during the developmental process of the 8th, 14th, and 15th leaves on the main stems between the two kinds of plants. (3) The number of primary branches and secondary branches produced by the plants of the lower seeds were significantly larger than those of the plants of the upper seeds, respectively. From this we concluded that the lower seeds have stronger abilities in survival and competition and contribute much more to the persistence, growth, and extension of the population than the upper seeds, that the upper seeds play an important role in keeping a stable population, and that to bear dimorphic seeds is an effective adaptation strategy for X. italicum.

意大利苍耳(Xanthium italicum)是一种具有二形性种子的一年生菊科植物，每个头状花序仅产生1粒上位种子和1粒下位种子。意大利苍耳种子产量高，对环境的适应能力强，能给农作物和生态环境造成严重危害。对意大利苍耳的种子萌发和植株生长特性进行了观测研究，探讨了其生态适应性。结果表明：(1)下位种子从播种到50%萌发需要13~15d，比上位种子早5~7d；(2)下位植株主茎第1~7片叶的发育中期单位时间内的叶面积增量、同期株高显著大于上位植株；然而上位植株主茎第9~13片叶的发育早、中期单位时间内的叶面积增量反而大于下位植株；上、下位植株主茎上第8、14片叶和第15片叶的各阶段单位时间内的叶面积增量没有差异；(3)下位植株的一级分枝数和二级分枝数显著多于上位植株。推断下位种子较上位种子具有更强的生存竞争能力，下位种子对意大利苍耳种群的延续、增长和扩散贡献更大；同时上位种子为种群的稳定延续提供了保障，这种二形性种子的形成是意大利苍耳的一种有效的生态对策。

Annual species is an important part of vegetation of Horqin sandy land, which locates in temperate semi-arid zone of northern China. Seed germination behavior plays a key role in the persistence and dynamics of annual desert plants, but germination data in this region is not available. Accordingly, using a standardized procedure, a laboratory experiment was made on the seed germination for 23 annual species collected from a wide range of habitats in the western regions of Horqin sandy land. Measurements were conducted on freshly collected seeds and on samples subjected to chilling in natural filed soil and dry storage in laboratory for about 150 days. The germination characteristics observed in this study leads us to the conclusion that certain regenerative mechanisms of some species in the field and is favor of conservation, restoration and management of plant communities or species. Significant differences were observed in the capacity of freshly collected seeds for immediate germination. Five species attained germination values above or near 90%, but 11 species failed to exceed 70%, which indicated that these freshly collected seeds have more or less dormancy mechanism. After chilling and dry storage for 150 days, two of five species with high germination values of freshly collected seeds, still maintained high germination values greater than 90%, and other three species decreased, which seems to be the secondary dormancy after storage. Most species that germination percentage of freshly collected seeds was under 80%, germination percentage increased to exceed 80%, some even attain 100%, which showed that freshly collected seeds of most annual species have post-maturation mechanism and they can germinate under favorable environmental conditions in the beginning of a growth season. For three species ( A. scoparia, C. glaucum, E. pilosa ), their seed germination values were under 70% in different treatments, which means that seeds of these species had stronger innate dormancy; Chilling and dry storage to break dormancy were not significant for seeds of E. pilosa and A. scoparia (P＞0.05), but chilling was more significant than dry storage to break seed dormancy for C. glaucum ; the trait that the fraction of viable seeds did not germinate even in favorable conditions is a benefit strategy to avoid risks in severe desert. Under the experimental conditions, germination time required for 50% and 90% of the final germination percentage to be attained is very short, which indicates that most of the annual species showed the potential for rapid germination, but Artemisia scoparia, Chenopodium Glaucum, Kochia sieversiana and Agriophyllum squarrosun had longer germination duration in different treatments, which may be another favorable strategy. The relationships of germination mechanisms and adaptability to uncertain desert environments of some mainly annual species were discussed.

在实验室条件下研究了中国温带半干旱地区科尔沁沙地的23种1年生植物的种子萌发特性（新采集种子、冷藏和干藏种子）。 大籽蒿、虎尾草、冠芒草、沙蓬和地锦的新种子萌发率达90％左右，11种植物新种子萌发率均低于70％，说明这些植物的新种子具有或多或少的休眠属性。 经过150d的冷干藏后，大籽蒿、虎尾草萌发率保持在90％以上，说明这两种植物完全没有休眠机制；冠芒草、沙蓬和地锦的种子萌发率下降较多，可能是储藏的环境条件导致的2次休眠现象; 冷藏和干藏处理均能使绿珠藜、毛马唐、细叶益母草、雾冰藜、金狗尾草、苋菜、马齿苋、碱地肤和水稗草的种子在生长季开始时完成生理后熟，萌发率达到80％以上；干藏有利于促进毛马唐、细叶益母草、马齿苋和鹤虱的种子成熟, 冷藏有利于促进绿珠藜和金狗尾草的种子成熟；黄蒿、灰绿藜、画眉草和烛台虫实在不同处理下的萌发率都比较低，说明种子内在生理休眠作用较强，具有减少种子一次性萌发数量的风险分摊策略。 大多数1年生植物均能在较短时间内达到最终萌发率的90％，表现出迅速萌发的特性；黄蒿、灰绿藜、碱地肤和沙蓬种子则在不同处理中表现出延长萌发时间的策略来适应半干旱地区不确定的环境条件。 最后，探讨了几种主要1年生植物的种子萌发对策与其对环境适应机制之间的关系。

Ant-mediated seed dispersal is ecologically important and geographically widespread. Previous studies revealed that seed-carrying ant may impact the rate of seed removal and dispersal distance, and the resultant short-term fate of seed, i.e. the seed location where the ants release after ant manipulation. The impact of ant recruitment and behaviour on seed dispersal of the cogeneric plant taxa, however, is relatively little known. We investigated the ant-mediated effect on seed dispersal of two cogeneric plants, Corydalis wilfordii and C. racemosa (Papaveraceae), in a subtropical evergreen forest at the Jiugongshan mountain (Hubei Province, China). The seed size of C. wilfordii is larger than that of C. racemosa , while the elaiosome/seed mass ratio of C. wilfordii is greater than that of C. racemosa . Being the mutual ant dispersers of the two Corydalis taxa, Pristomyrmex pungens (with mass recruitment mode, i.e. to recruit a large number of ants to remove seeds when one ant found seed) and Prenolepis sphingthorax (with simple cooperative recruitmen mode, i.e. to recruit 5-30 ants to remove seeds when one ant found seed) played a varied role in seed dispersal of two plants. Pristomyrmex pungens carried about 44% of the C. wilfordii seeds transported by it to the nests, with the average dispersal distance of 1.85 m and the removal number of seeds per hour of 43.8, while the rest seeds were removed elaiosomes in situ and/or on the way to the nest. Prenolepis sphingthorax carried all seeds of the C. wilfordii to nests, with the average dispersal distance of 0.45 m and the removal number of seeds per hour of 7.3. In addition, both Pristomyrmex pungens and Prenolepis sphingthorax carried the all seeds of C. racemosa to the nests, with the average dispersal distance of 6.27 m and 6.65 m, and removal number of seeds per hour of 34.2 and 10.6 respectively. The results suggested that seed removal rate of ant with mass recruitment was higher than that of ant with simple cooperative recruitment. The seed dispersal distance and short-term seed fate differed between the two studied plants, depending on ant foraging strategies and behavior and seed characteristics. The discussion of the role of seed characteristics was also presented in the paper.

蚂蚁是无脊椎动物中重要的种子传播者，蚂蚁散布影响植物种子的传播和扩散，进而会影响种苗的空间分布格局。在野外研究了蚂蚁觅食及搬运行为对阜平黄堇（ Corydalis wilfordii Regel）和小花黄堇（ C. racemosa （Thunb.） Pers.）种子散布的影响。结果显示，双针棱胸蚁和束胸平结蚁是两种植物种子的共同搬运者，前者行使群体募集，后者行使简单协作募集。在搬运阜平黄堇种子时，双针棱胸蚁在原地或搬运途中取食油质体后抛弃的种子约占种子总数的56%，而拖至蚁巢的种子约占种子总数的44%，平均搬运距离为（1.85±0.24）m，搬运效率为（43.8±7.5）粒/h；而束胸平结蚁将完整种子全部直接搬运至蚁巢，平均搬运距离为0.45 m，搬运效率为（7.3±2.2）粒/h。在搬运小花黄堇种子时，双针棱胸蚁和束胸平结蚁均将完整种子全部直接搬运至蚁巢，平均搬运距离分别为（6.27±4.40）m和（6.65±1.64）m，搬运效率分别为（34.2±6.5）粒/h和（10.6±3.2）粒/h。这说明行使群体募集的蚂蚁比行使简单协作募集的蚂蚁有较高的搬运效率，蚂蚁散布导致阜平黄堇和小花黄堇种子到达蚁巢的数量和搬运距离不同，而这种不同与相应搬运蚂蚁的觅食对策、搬运行为和种子特征有关。阜平黄堇种子比小花黄堇种子大，但阜平黄堇的油质体质量比小于小花黄堇的油质体质量比，讨论了种子特征对蚂蚁散布的影响。