干旱胁迫下硅对肥皂草光合特性的影响

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严俊鑫, 杨慧颖, 邓雅楠, 卢静, 李强. 干旱胁迫下硅对肥皂草光合特性的影响. 草业科学, 2016,33(10):2082-2092
Yan Jun-xin, Yang Hui-ying, Deng Ya-nan, Lu Jing, Li Qiang. Effects of silicon on photosynthetic traits of Saponaria officinalis under drought stress . Pratacultural Science,2016,33(10): 2082-2092 复制到剪切板

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《草业科学》编辑部

干旱胁迫下硅对肥皂草光合特性的影响

严俊鑫¹, 杨慧颖¹, 邓雅楠¹, 卢静², 李强¹

1.东北林业大学园林学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150040

2.黑龙江省伊春市林学会,黑龙江伊春 153000

李强(1979-),男,黑龙江哈尔滨人,讲师,博士,主要从事园林植物抗逆性研究。E-mail:[email protected]

第一作者:严俊鑫(1981-),女,黑龙江哈尔滨人,副教授,博士,主要从事园林植物抗逆性研究。E-mail:[email protected]

收稿日期: 2016-07-20

基金: 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2572016CA11)黑龙江省青年科学基金项目(QC2014C012)

摘要

本研究在模拟正常水分、中度干旱、重度干旱条件下对肥皂草( Saponaria officinalis)施加不同浓度的硅,测定其叶片光合指标及叶绿素含量,并对光响应曲线进行拟合,明确各处理下的肥皂草叶片的光响应参数。结果表明,施硅使正常水分条件下的光补偿点降低,其余各项指标均增高;施硅使两种干旱胁迫下的净光合速率、叶绿素含量、最大净光合速率、暗呼吸速率、光饱和点和表观量子效率等增高,气孔导度、蒸腾速率和光补偿点降低。其中0.3和0.4 g SiO₂·kg^-1干土硅添加处理效果较好。说明施硅可以使肥皂草光合呼吸作用加强,从而更好地利用光能和调节自身新陈代谢,并有效缓解干旱造成的损害。

关键词: 硅; 干旱胁迫; 光合指标; 叶绿素; 光响应

中图分类号:S564⁺.403.4 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-0629(2016)10-2082-11 doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2016-0181

Effects of silicon on photosynthetic traits of Saponaria officinalis under drought stress

Yan Jun-xin¹, Yang Hui-ying¹, Deng Ya-nan¹, Lu Jing², Li Qiang¹

1.The College of landscape, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China

2.Yichun Society of Forestry of Heilongjiang Province, Yichun 153000, China

Corresponding author:Li Qiang E-mail:[email protected]

Abstract

Experiments was conducted by normal conditions, mild drought stress, severe drought stress and different concentrations of silicon treatment on Saponaria officinalis, and photosynthetic parameters and chlorophyll content of leaves were determined. The photosynthetic curve was fitted, and the photoresponse parameters under various treatments were obtained. The results showed that the light compensation point (LCP) of S. officinalis leaves decreased, and the rest of the photosynthetic physiological indexes increased by silicon application under normal condition; The net photosynthetic rate(P_n), chlorophyll content, maximum net photosynthetic rate(A_max), dark respiration rate(R_d), light saturation point (LSP) and apparent quantum efficiency(AQY) of S. officinalis leaves increased, and stomatal conductance(G_s), transpiration rate(T_r) and LCP decreased by silicon application under mild and severe drought stress. Notably, 0.3, 0.4 g SiO₂·kg^-1 were most effective. The results indicated that the application of silicon could enhance the photosynthesis and respiration of the S. officinalis, so as to make better use of the light energy and regulate the metabolism and significantly alleviate the damage caused by the drought.

Keyword: silicon; drought stress; photosynthesis; chlorophyll; photoresponse

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我国是世界上主要的干旱国家之一, 干旱和半干旱地区面积为542万km², 占国土总面积的56%。干旱胁迫作为植物逆境最普遍的形式, 其危害不容忽视。水作为植物代谢过程的介质, 是植物光合作用的原料, 光合作用的产物也同样需要通过水进行运输, 因此, 缺水会抑制植物的生长, 加速植物衰老, 降低光合速率^[1]。园林绿化与养护过程中对水资源需求极大, 干旱限制了园林植物的应用, 影响了观赏效果, 提高园林植物的抗旱性可以在很大程度上减轻生态负担, 丰富园林景观。

硅是植物生长发育的有益元素, 通常土壤中含硅量为50%~70%, 但大部分以硅酸盐结晶或沉淀形式存在, 不能被植物吸收利用。高等植物主要以单硅酸(H₄SiO₄)形式吸收硅, 而土壤中能被植物吸收利用的有效硅数量极少, 一般为50~250 mg· kg^{-1 [2]}。已有研究表明, 外源硅能够促进植物生长发育, 并提高植物的抗旱性^{[3, 4, 5, 6]}, 但是相关研究主要集中于作物和草坪植物, 而对于园林中观赏花卉施加硅的研究极少。

肥皂草(Saponaria officinalis)是石竹科(Caryophyllaceae)肥皂草属(Saponaria)多年生草本植物, 抗逆性较强、花期长, 是良好的园林绿化植物; 易繁殖, 耐修剪, 短期就能丰富园林景观, 适合作花坛、花境和岩石园栽植。目前, 肥皂草的相关研究主要集中在繁殖栽培与药用物质研究上^{[7, 8, 9, 10]}。本研究通过对干旱胁迫条件下的肥皂草添加外源硅, 分析施硅对各梯度干旱胁迫条件下肥皂草光合参数的影响, 将为进一步研究硅对植物内部生理机能产生的作用提供参考, 也为科学配置旱区植物景观、丰富旱区绿化植物种类、优化园林植物日常养护管理等提供一定的理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料与处理方法

本研究以二年龄的肥皂草为试验材料, 试验在东北林业大学苗圃内进行。2015年5月选取长势一致的肥皂草裸根苗移栽到上径25 cm、下径20 cm、高20 cm的圆形花盆中, 基质为蛭石和草炭土(体积比1∶ 3)。测得基质pH 5.84, 有效磷为63.35 mg· kg^-1, 有效氮为96.45 mg· kg^-1, 速效钾为187.34 mg· kg^-1, 有效硅为129.19 mg· kg^-1, 有机质为41.6 g· kg^-1。试验以硫酸钾为基肥, 硅酸钾(K₂SiO₄)作硅肥, 加入硅酸钾所引入的钾量从硫酸钾中扣除。基肥和硅肥一次性施入土壤, 混合均匀。试验设4个硅处理水平:0.1 g SiO₂· kg^-1干土(Si₁), 0.2 g SiO₂· kg^-1干土(Si₂), 0.3 g SiO₂· kg^-1干土(Si₃), 0.4 g SiO₂· kg^-1干土(Si₄), 以不施硅为对照(CK)。

2015年6月, 采用自然干旱法对水分进行控制, 土壤含水量的测定采用称重法^{[5, 6]}, 控制在3个梯度, 分别是正常T₁(土壤田间持水量的80%~90%)、中度胁迫T₂(土壤田间持水量的50%~65%)、重度胁迫T₃(土壤田间持水量的30%~45%)。土壤相对含水量达到干旱胁迫条件时, 称重补水使水分保持在相应梯度。于满足水分条件后的1、5、10、15和20 d选择成熟健康的植株叶片对光合指标进行测定, 并采集叶片于液氮中速冻后放入-80 ℃冰箱保存, 以备叶绿素含量的测定。于第7天测定光响应, 每处理3个重复, 最终分析每种水分条件下不同硅处理之间的差异。

1.2 测定指标与方法

叶片光合指标的测定:采用LI-COR公司生产的便携式光合仪LI-6400于09:00-11:00, 在天气晴朗无风条件下, 以自然光为光源, 此时测得环境光合有效辐射为850~1 000 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1, 大气CO₂浓度为370~380 μ mol· mo^-1, 用标准叶室测定净光合速率[P_n, μ mol· (m²· s)^-1]、蒸腾速率[T_r, mmol· (m²· s)^-1]和气孔导度[G_s, mol· (m²· s)^-1]等参数。

叶绿素含量的测定:采用丙酮法^[11]。

叶片光响应曲线的测定:利用LI-COR公司生产的便携式光合仪LI-6400, 在晴天 09: 00-11:00选取3~5片长势一致的成熟叶片进行测定。测定时采用开放气路, CO₂浓度保持在370~380 μ mol· mo^-1, 流速为500 μ mol· s^-1, 光强由红蓝LED光源进行控制, 依次设定光合有效辐射强度(PAR)为2 000、1 800、1 600、1 400、1 200、1 000、800、600、400、200、100、50、25、10和0 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1。采用非直角双曲线模型^[12]对光响应曲线进行拟合。计算出最大净光合速率 (A_max, maximum assimilation rate)、暗呼吸速率(R_d, apparent dark respiration rate)。对光响应曲线的初始部分[PAR ≤ 200 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1] 进行线性回归^[13], 得出表观量子效率 (AQY, apparent quantum yield), 并计算出光饱和点(LSP, light saturation point)、光补偿点(LCP, light compensation point)^[14]。

1.3 数据处理

数据采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析, 用平均值± 标准误表示测定结果, 对处理结果进行单因素方差分析, 并用Duncan法对各测定数据进行多重比较; 用非线性回归和线性回归对光响应曲线进行拟合; 用Excel 2010软件进行制图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 干旱胁迫下硅对肥皂草光合指标的影响

2.1.1 叶片净光合速率 T₁条件下, 0.1和0.2 g· kg^-1硅处理与对照(CK)的肥皂草叶片P_n稳定在9~11 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1内, 0.3和0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理则在10~13 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1内。随着硅浓度的增加, 每个时间点的肥皂草叶片P_n呈现上升趋势, 各处理叶片P_n均高于CK, 其中0.1 g· kg^-1硅处理(Si₁)较CK提高了0~9%, 0.2 g· kg^-1硅处理(Si₂)较CK提高了6%~15%, 0.3 g· kg^-1硅处理(Si₃)较CK提高了13%~25%, 0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理(Si₄)比CK提高了16%~22%。0.3和0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理的植株叶片P_n在第5天以后显著高于CK(P< 0.05), 分别在第10天和第20天达到12.03和11.45 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1, 0.1 g· kg^-1硅处理除第5天以外, 在其它时间点与CK相比差异均不显著(P> 0.05)(表1)。

表1 正常条件下(T₁)硅处理对肥皂草叶片P_n [μ mol· (m²· s)^-1]的影响 Table 1 Effects of Si on P_n [μ mol· (m²· s)^-1] of S. officinalis leaves under normal condition

T₂条件下, 随着干旱天数的增加, 各处理的肥皂草叶片P_n呈下降趋势(表2)。随着硅浓度的增加, 每个时间点的叶片P_n呈现先上升后下降的趋势, 各处理叶片的P_n均高于CK, 0.1 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK提高了1%~11%, 0.2 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK提高了7%~17%, 0.3 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK提高了20%~36%, 0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK提高了12%~26%。0.3 g· kg^-1硅处理在每个时间点均显著高于CK(P< 0.05), 在第15天较CK提高了36.40%。0.1 g· kg^-1硅处理在每个时间点与CK相比均差异不显著(P> 0.05)(表2)。

表2 中度干旱胁迫下(T₂)硅处理对肥皂草叶片P_n [μ mol· (m²· s)^-1]的影响 Table 2 Effects of Si on P_n [μ mol· (m²· s)^-1] of S. officinalis leaves under mild drought stress

T₃条件下, 随着干旱天数的增加, 各处理下的叶片P_n仍呈下降趋势, 干旱胁迫后期下降值趋近于零。随着硅浓度的增加, 干旱胁迫前10 d肥皂草叶片P_n呈现先上升后下降的趋势, 干旱胁迫10 d后随硅浓度增加呈现上升趋势。各处理叶片的P_n均高于CK, 0.1 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK提高了12%~33%, 0.2 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK提高了15%~53%, 0.3 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK提高了26%~73%, 0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK提高了25%~70%。除第1天外, 在其它时间点0.3和0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理均显著高于CK(P< 0.05)(表3)。

表3 重度干旱胁迫下(T₃)硅处理对肥皂草叶片P_n [μ mol· (m²· s)^-1]的影响 Table 3 Effects of Si on P_n [μ mol· (m²· s)^-1] of S. officinalis leaves under severe drought stress

T₁条件肥皂草叶片P_n下降不明显。T₂、T₃条件下, 随着干旱天数的增加, 肥皂草叶片P_n随着干旱强度的加剧显著降低。各个水分梯度下, 施硅对肥皂草

叶片P_n均有提升, 其中T₃条件下0.3和0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理在第20天较CK提高了70%多。

2.1.2 叶片气孔导度 T₁条件下, 各处理的肥皂草叶片G_s随着时间的增加无明显下降趋势(表4)。各处理下的叶片G_s均高于CK, 且随着硅处理浓度的增加呈现先上升后下降趋势。0.1 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK提高了3%~23%, 0.2 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK提高了26%~52%, 0.3 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK提高了50%~76%, 0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK提高了28%~61%。第5天以后, 0.3和0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理均显著高于CK(P< 0.05)。0.1和0.2 g· kg^-1硅处理前5 d与CK差异不显著(P> 0.05), 10-15 d, 0.2 g· kg^-1硅处理显著高于CK(P< 0.05)(表4)。

表4 正常条件下(T₁)硅处理对肥皂草叶片G_s [mol· (m²· s)^-1]的影响 Table 4 Effects of Si on G_s [mol· (m²· s)^-1] of S. officinalis leaves under normal condition

T₂条件下, 随着干旱天数的增加, 各处理的肥皂草叶片G_s呈下降趋势。施硅降低了叶片G_s, 在胁迫5-20 d各硅处理的降低效果尤为明显, 且随着硅处理浓度的增加呈先下降后上升趋势。0.1 g硅处理较CK降低了1%~19%, 0.2 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK降低了9%~36%, 0.3 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK降低了23%~49%, 0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK降低了9%~46%。其中0.3和0.4 g硅处理在每个时间点均显著低于CK(P< 0.05), 而0.1和0.2 g· kg^-1硅处理分别在第10天和第5天显著低于CK(P< 0.05)(表5)。

T₃条件下, 随着干旱天数的增加, 各处理的肥皂草叶片G_s呈下降趋势。在胁迫前15 d, 施硅降低了叶片G_s, 且随着硅处理浓度的增加呈现先下降后上升趋势, 其中0.1 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK降低了3%~21%, 0.2 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK降低了16%~36%, 0.3 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK降低了27%~50%, 0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK降低了20%~50%。在胁迫20 d时, 各处理与CK相比差异不显著(P> 0.05)(表6)。

表5 中度干旱胁迫下(T₂)硅处理对肥皂草叶片G_s [mol· (m²· s)^-1]的影响 Table 5 Effects of Si on G_s [mol· (m²· s)^-1] of S. officinalis leaves under mild drought stress

表6 重度干旱胁迫下(T₃)硅处理对肥皂草叶片G_s [mol· (m²· s)^-1]的影响 Table 6 Effects of Si on G_s [mol· (m²· s)^-1] of S. officinalis leaves under severe drought stress

T₁条件下, 随天数的增加肥皂草叶片G_s下降不明显, 施硅增加了叶片G_s。T₂和T₃条件下, 随着干旱天数的增加, 肥皂草叶片G_s逐渐降低, 施硅进一步降低了G_s, 其中T₃条件下0.3和0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理下叶片G_s降低了50%。

2.1.3 叶片蒸腾速率在T₁条件下, 各处理下的叶片T_r随天数的增加变化不明显, 施硅增加了肥皂草叶片T_r, 且随着硅浓度的增加呈现先增高后降低的趋势。0.1 g硅处理较CK提高了1%~5%, 0.2 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK提高了6%~12%, 0.3 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK提高了11%~16%, 0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK提高了10%~17%。在每个时间点与CK相比, 0.3和0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理均差异显著(P< 0.05), 0.1 g· kg^-1硅处理则差异不显著(P> 0.05)(表7)。

表7 正常条件下(T₁)硅处理对肥皂草叶片T_r [mmol· (m²· s)^-1]的影响 Table 7 Effects of Si on T_r [mmol· (m²· s)^-1] of S. officinalis leaves under normal condition

在T₂条件下, 随着干旱胁迫天数的增加, 各处理的叶片T_r呈下降趋势, 施硅降低了T_r, 且随着硅处理浓度的增加呈现先下降后上升趋势。0.1 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK降低了3%~13%, 0.2 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK降低了7%~13%, 0.3 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK降低了15%~28%, 0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK降低了8%~24%。胁迫前10 d内, 0.3和0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理显著低于CK(P< 0.05), 胁迫10 d后, 0.3 g· kg^-1硅处理显著低于CK(P< 0.05)(表8)。

表8 中度干旱胁迫下(T₂)硅处理对肥皂草叶片T_r [mmol· (m²· s)^-1]的影响 Table 8 Effects of Si on T_r [mmol· (m²· s)^-1] of S. officinalis leaves under mild drought stress

T₃条件下, 随着干旱胁迫天数的增加, 各处理的肥皂草叶片T_r呈下降趋势, 施硅降低了叶片T_r。0.1 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK降低了3%~31%, 0.2 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK降低了25%~54%, 0.3 g· kg^-1硅处理

较CK降低了18%~54%, 0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK降低了18%~62%。在各个时间点, 0.3和0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理显著低于CK(P< 0.05), 0.1 g· kg^-1硅处理与CK相比差异不显著(P> 0.05)(表9)。

表9 重度干旱胁迫下(T₃)硅处理对肥皂草叶片T_r [mmol· (m²· s)^-1]的影响 Table 9 Effects of Si on T_r [mmol· (m²· s)^-1] of S. officinalis leaves under severe drought stress

在T₁条件下, 施硅增加了肥皂草叶片T_r。在T₂和T₃条件下, 干旱胁迫使肥皂草叶片T_r下降, 施硅降低了叶片T_r, 如T₃条件下的0.3和0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理在第20天分别比CK降低了约54%和62%。

2.2 干旱胁迫下硅对肥皂草叶绿素含量的影响

在T₁条件下, 各个硅处理的肥皂草叶绿素含量随天数的增加缓慢降低, 施硅提高了叶绿素含量。其中0.1 g· kg^-1硅处理比CK提高了1%~8%, 0.2 g· kg^-1硅处理比CK提高了5%~11%, 0.3 g· kg^-1硅处理比CK提高了9%~13%, 0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理比CK提高了7%~13%。其中0.3、0.4 g· kg^-1与CK相比差异显著(P< 0.05), 叶绿素含量最多比CK高0.32 mg· g^-1。0.1和0.2 g· kg^-1硅处理分别在前5 d和前15 d与CK相比差异显著(P< 0.05)(表10)。

在T₂条件下, 随胁迫时间的增加, 肥皂草叶片叶绿素含量呈下降趋势, 施硅提高了叶绿素含量。0.1 g· kg^-1硅处理比CK提高了3%~11%, 0.2 g· kg^-1硅处理比CK提高了5%~36%, 0.3 g· kg^-1硅处理比CK提高了8%~53%, 0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理比CK提高了8%~53%。与CK相比0.3和0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理在各个时间点差异均显著(P< 0.05), 在干旱胁迫第15-20天比CK高0.22~0.42 mg· g^-1的叶绿素含量(表11)。

表10 正常条件下(T₁)硅处理对肥皂草叶片叶绿素含量(mg· g^-1)的影响 Table 10 Effects of Si on chlorophyll content(mg· g^-1)of S. officinalis leaves under normal condition

表11 中度干旱胁迫下(T₂)硅处理对肥皂草叶片叶绿素含量(mg· g^-1)的影响 Table 11 Effects of Si on chlorophyll content(mg· g^-1)of S. officinalis leaves under mild drought stress

T₃条件下, 肥皂草叶片叶绿素含量进一步随着胁迫时间的增加而降低。施硅提高了叶绿素含量。胁迫

前15 d, 随着硅处理浓度的增加呈现先上升后下降趋势, 0.1 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK提高了7%~19%, 0.2 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK提高了20%~50%, 0.3 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK提高了30%~75%, 0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理较CK提高了30%~75%, 0.3、0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理与CK相比在前15 d差异均显著(P< 0.05), 0.1、0.2 g· kg^-1硅处理与CK相比分别在第1天与前10 d差异显著(P< 0.05)。胁迫第20天, 各处理与CK无显著差异(P> 0.05)(表12)。

肥皂草叶片叶绿素含量随着干旱胁迫时间的增加不断降低。3种水分梯度下, 施硅均增加了肥皂草叶片叶绿素含量。与CK相比0.3和0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理效果显著, 其中在T₃条件下最高提高了75%(表11)。

表12 重度干旱胁迫下(T₃)硅处理对肥皂草叶片叶绿素含量(mg· g^-1)的影响 Table 12 Effects of Si on chlorophyll content(mg· g^-1)of S. officinalis leaves under severe drought stress

2.3 干旱胁迫下硅对肥皂草光响应的影响

2.3.1 光响应曲线在3种水分梯度下, 肥皂草叶片P_n均在一定光强范围内呈先升高后缓慢降低趋势(图1)。在T₁条件下, P_n在PAR 0~200 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1内呈直线增长, 400 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1时增加缓慢, 1 200 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1时, 随着PAR的增加呈缓慢降低趋势。施硅的植株P_n在PAR 600 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1以后明显高于CK, 0.3和0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理在PAR 1 200~1 600 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1内增加值达3 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1。

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	图1 不同干旱胁迫下施硅对肥皂草叶片净光合速率光响应曲线的影响Fig.1 Effects of application Si on photosynthetic curve of P_n of S. officinalis leaves under different drought stress

T₂条件降低了叶片P_n, P_n在PAR 0~200 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1范围内呈直线增长, 400 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1时增加缓慢, 800~1 000 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1时开始缓慢下降。在PAR 400 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1以后, 0.2、0.3和0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理的P_n明显高于CK, 其中0.2 g· kg^-1硅处理的P_n比CK高2.2~3.7 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1, 0.3和0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理的P_n均比CK高1.6~4.6 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1。

T₃条件极大降低了肥皂草P_n, P_n在PAR 0~100 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1内呈直线增长, 200 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1时增加缓慢, 600~800 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1时呈缓慢下降趋势。在PAR 600 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1以后, 0.2、0.3和0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理的P_n明显高于CK, 其中0.2 g· kg^-1硅处理的P_n比CK高1.5~2.0 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1, 0.3 g硅处理的P_n比CK高2.0~3.0 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1, 0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理的P_n比CK高1.8~2.9 μ mol· (m²· s)^-1。

2.3.2 光响应参数 T₁条件下, 施硅升高了肥皂草叶片的A_max、R_d、LSP和AQY, 降低了LCP(表13)。在T₂和T₃下, 肥皂草叶片的A_max、R_d、LSP和AQY因胁迫程度的加剧而降低, LCP则随着胁迫程度的加剧而升高, 其中T₂条件下, AQY随着硅肥浓度的增加而增高, A_max、R_d和LSP随着硅肥浓度的升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势, LCP则相反; T₃条件下, R_d和AQY 随着硅肥浓度的增加而增大, A_max和LSP随着硅肥浓度的升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势, LCP随着硅肥浓度的升高呈现先下降后上升的趋势。0.2、0.3和0.4 g· kg^-1硅处理与CK相比差异显著(P< 0.05)。

表13 不同硅处理下肥皂草叶片光响应参数的影响 Table 13 Effects of different silicon treatment on photoresponse parameters of S. officinalis leaves

3 讨论

干旱使植物体内水分丧失, 叶片气孔的保卫细胞失水, 致使气孔关闭, 气孔导度、蒸腾速率降低, 干旱胁迫同时抑制叶绿素的合成, 这些也导致植物光合速率大幅度降低^[1]。研究表明, 干旱导致3种委陵菜(Potentilla sericea、P. verticillaris、P. leucophylla)^{[15, 16]}和华山新麦草(Psathyroetachys huashanica)^[17]的P_n、T_r、G_s下降, 硅降低了干旱胁迫下水稻叶片的G_s和 $\begin{matrix} {T_{r}}^{[18]} \end{matrix}$ , 提高了干旱胁迫下玉米(Zea mays)的P_n和叶绿素含量^[19]。本研究得出, 在中度与重度干旱胁迫下, 肥皂草的叶片P_n、G_s、T_r和叶绿素含量均随着干旱程度的加剧而降低, 施硅增加了P_n和叶绿素含量。还有研究指出, 施硅使水稻(Oryza sativa)^[5]和小麦(Triticum aestivam)^[20]叶片的T_r增加、G_s减小, 本研究中施硅降低了干旱胁迫下肥皂草叶片的G_s和T_r, 可能是硅通过调节肥皂草叶片的G_s, 从

而降低T_r, 提高了肥皂草叶片抗旱保水能力, 这与Agarie等^[18]对水稻的研究结果一致, 其机理有待今后进一步研究。

干旱抑制了植物正常生理代谢, 降低植物光合速率, 从而使植物LCP升高, LSP降低。本研究表明, 干旱胁迫下, 肥皂草叶片LCP升高, LSP降低, 这与对黄栌(Cotinus coggygria)^[21]和假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides)^[22]的研究结果一致, 说明干旱对植株光合器官造成一定影响, 降低植物对光的敏感程度。施硅增加了干旱条件下肥皂草叶片LSP, 降低了干旱条件下肥皂草叶片LCP, 说明硅可以增大植株可利用的光辐射范围, 使植物在干旱条件下更好地利用光能。Rubisco活性和电子传递速率决定了植物叶片的A_max, A_max代表叶片最大光合能力^[23], AQY与R_d的大小反映植物利用弱光能力的大小和植物呼吸作用的强弱, 与植物健康状态呈正相关。干旱降低了玉米叶片的A_max和AQY^[24]; 降低了刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、胡杨(Populus euphratica)与灰叶胡杨(Populus pruinosa)叶片的A_max、AQY、R_d^{[25, 26]}。本研究表明, 干旱胁迫降低了肥皂草叶片的A_max、AQY、R_d, 并随着胁迫时间的延长继续下降, 施硅缓解了这些指标的显著下降, 这可能是因为硅提高了Rubisco活性和电子传递速率, 稳定了弱光下肥皂草的呼吸与光合作用, 从而减少干旱对植株的影响。

正常水分条件下施硅促进了紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)的生长, 提高产量^{[27, 28]}, 施硅还提高了水稻叶片的P_n、G_s、T_r和叶绿素含量^[29], 使玉米、大豆(Glyxin max)叶片的A_max、R_d升高^[30], 这与本研究结果一致。本研究还得出, 施硅使肥皂草叶片的LSP增加, LCP降低, AQY升高, 这可能是硅通过调节气孔导度和蒸腾速率来促进光合, 从而使肥皂草对光更加敏感, 更大范围地利用了光能, 并且提高了肥皂草对其他有益元素的吸收利用效率, 使植株健壮并保持较高新陈代谢, 从而加强了植物对光的利用能力, 具体机理有待进一步研究。

4 结论

在3种不同水分控制条件下施硅均会影响肥皂草叶片光合特性。0.3和0.4 g SiO₂· kg^-1干土的硅处理在各种水分条件下与其他硅处理相比均显著调节了各项光合指标, 说明硅不仅能在正常条件下加强肥皂草光合呼吸作用, 从而更好地利用光能和调节自身新陈代谢, 还能够缓解干旱对肥皂草带来的伤害、增强抗旱性、保持光合作用的稳定、提高代谢活性。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[24]	张仁和, 薛吉全, 浦军, 赵兵, 张兴华, 郑友军, 卜令铎. 干旱胁迫对玉米苗期植株生长和光合特性的影响. 作物学报, 2011, 37(3): 521-528. Zhang R H, Xue J Q, Pu J, Zhao B, Zhang X H, Zheng Y J, Bu L D. Influence of drought stress on plant growth and photosynthetic traits in maize seedlings. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2011, 37(3): 521-528. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[25]	何明, 翟明普, 曹帮华. 水分胁迫下增施氮、磷对刺槐无性系苗木光合特性的影响. 北京林业大学学报, 2009, 31(6): 116-120. He M, Zhai M P, Cao B H. Effects of increased nitrogen and phosphorus on photosynthetic characteristics of Robinia pseudoacacia conal seedlings under water stress. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2009, 31(6): 116-120. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[26]	伍维模, 李志军, 罗青红, 韩路. 土壤水分胁迫对胡杨、灰叶胡杨光合作用-光响应特性的影响. 林业科学, 2007, 43(5): 30-35. Wu W M, Li Z J, Luo Q H, Han L. Effects of soil water stress on light response curves of photosynthesis of Populus euphratica and Populus pruinosa. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(5): 30-35. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[27]	陶雪, 苏德荣, 乔阳, 蔻丹. 西北旱区灌溉方式对苜蓿产量及品质的影响. 草业科学, 2015, 32(10): 1641-1647. Tao X, Su D R, Qiao Y, Kou D. Effects of irrigation methods on yield and quality of alfalfa in arid northwest China. Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(10): 1641-1647. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[28]	张志, 苏德荣, 焦健. 地下滴灌硅肥对紫花苜蓿生长及品质的影响. 草业科学, 2016, 33(8): 1611-1617. Zhang Z, Su D R, Jiao J. Effect of integration of water and silicon fertilizer on the growth of alfalfa under subsurface drip irrigation. Pratacultural Science, 2016, 33(8): 1611-1617. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[29]	高臣, 刘俊渤, 常海波, 于晓斌, 徐宏书. 硅对水稻叶片光合特性和超微结构的影响. 吉林农业大学学报, 2011, 33(1): 1-4. Gao C, Liu J B, Chang H B, Yu X B, Xu H S. Effects of silicon on rice leaf photosynthesis and ultrastructure. Journal of Jilin Agricultural University, 2011, 33(1): 1-4. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[30]	田平, 马立婷, 逄焕成, 陈涛, 李玉义, 王婧, 齐华. 硅肥对玉米和大豆光合特性及产量形成的影响. 作物杂志, 2015(6): 136-140. Tian P, Ma L T, Pang H C, Chen T, Li Y Y, Wang J, Qi H. Effects of silicon fertilizer on maize and soybean photosynthetic characteristics and yield. Crops, 2015(6): 136-140. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]

1990

0.0

... 水作为植物代谢过程的介质,是植物光合作用的原料,光合作用的产物也同样需要通过水进行运输,因此,缺水会抑制植物的生长,加速植物衰老,降低光合速率^[1] ...

... 3 讨论干旱使植物体内水分丧失,叶片气孔的保卫细胞失水,致使气孔关闭,气孔导度、蒸腾速率降低,干旱胁迫同时抑制叶绿素的合成,这些也导致植物光合速率大幅度降低^[1] ...

2010

0.0

高丹, 陈基宁, 蔡昆争, 骆世明. 硅在植物体内的分布和吸收及其在病害逆境胁迫中的抗性作用. 生态学报, 2010, 30(10): 2745-2755.

Gao

, Chen J

, Cai K

, Luo S

Distribution and absorption of silicon in plant and its role in plant disease resistance under environmental stress.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(10): 2745-2755. (in Chinese)

Silicon (Si) is the second largest abundant mineral element in the earth's crust. Although Si is still not listed as an essential element for the majority of plant species, it plays important roles in stimulating plant growth and nutrition uptake and enhancing plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. This paper reviewed the distribution and absorption of Si in plant and its physiological functions with focusing on the mechanisms of Si mediated pathogen resistance. Higher plants mainly take up Si in the form of \[Si(OH)4\], and there are active and passive Si uptake mechanisms. Silicon can deposit in the epidermal cell walls beneath the cuticle, form a cuticle-Si double layer and enhance cell wall mechanical strength and stability, and therefore retard and resist pathogen from penetration and spreading. More research evidence shows that Si-treated plants can significantly increase the activity of protective enzymes such as peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, etc. in leaves and the production of antifungal compounds such as phenolic metabolism product, phytoalexins, pathogenesis-related proteins, etc., which in turn activate the plant defense system and enhance the plant resistance to pathogen. Studies in molecular level show that Si can induce the expression of defense-related genes as well as interact with disease-resistant signal molecules such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene for signal transduction.

硅在地壳中含量位居第二位，尽管还没有被列为植物生长的必需营养元素，但它在促进植物生长发育和营养吸收、提高植物对非生物逆境胁迫和生物逆境胁迫的抗性等方面都具有重要作用。综述了近些年来国内外关于硅在植物体内的分布、吸收及其生理效应，重点介绍了硅在病害逆境胁迫中的抗性作用机理。高等植物以单硅酸\[Si(OH)4\]的形式吸收硅，存在硅的主动吸收和被动吸收机制。硅主要沉积在叶片及叶鞘表皮细胞，形成硅化细胞和角质-硅双层结构，能增强寄主植物细胞壁的机械强度和稳固性，从而延缓和抵御病菌的侵入和扩展。更多的证据表明，硅处理能增加植物叶片保护酶（过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶等）活性和诱导寄主产生次生代谢抗性物质（如植保素、多酚类化合物、木质素）,从而激活植物的防御系统，增强对病原菌的抵抗能力。分子水平上的研究显示，硅能诱导与植物防御机制相关的基因表达，参与抗病信号分子（如水杨酸、茉莉酸和乙烯）在信号传导中的作用。

... kg^{-1 [2]} ...

2015

0.0

康建军, 赵文智, 岳利军, 赵明, 郑颖. K₂SiO₃促进梭梭生长并增强其抗旱性. 草业科学, 2015, 32(10): 1631-1640.

Kang J

, Zhao W

, Yue L

, Zhao

, Zheng

K₂SiO₃ promotes the growth and improves drought resistance of Haloxylon ammodendron.

Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(10): 1631-1640. (in Chinese)

In the study, the vermiculite was used as substrate and the modified 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solution containing K 2 SiO 3 (KCl as control) was irrigated to study the physiological effects of silicon (Si) on the growth and drought resistance of the succulent xerophyte Haloxylon ammodendron . Results showed that the low concentration of K 2 SiO 3 (KCl as control) stimulated the growth and 15 mmol·L -1 K 2 SiO 3 (30 mmol·L -1 KCl as control) was the optimum concentration, while ≥50 mmol·L -1 K 2 SiO 3 significantly inhibited the growth of H. ammodendron . Compared with the control and 30 mmol·L -1 KCl, 15 mmol·L -1 K 2 SiO 3 significantly increased plant height by 20.2% and 11.4%, branching numbers by 41.4% and 21.6%, fresh weight by 39.1% and 14.5%, and water content by 35.2% and 13.8%, respectively( P -1 K 2 SiO 3 (30 mmol·L -1 KCl as control) significantly improved the drought resistance and alleviated the harmful effects of H. ammodendron by decreasing the content of MDA and relative conductivity in assimilating shoots. Compared with the control and 30 mmol·L -1 KCl, 15mmol·L -1 K 2 SiO 3 significantly increased plant height by 24.7% and 10.1%, 26.4% and 13.8%, 24.2% and 12.9%, respectively, and fresh weight by 43.6% and 15.7%, 52.7% and 15.0%, 59.3% and 20.1%, respectively, while the MDA concentration in assimilating shoots significantly decreased by 26% and 12%, 32.8% and 17.2%, 31.3% and 17.2%, respectively, and relative conductivity by 26.7% and 13.3%, 41.2% and 23.5%, 47.5% and 25% in the mild (-0.5 MPa), moderate (-1.0 MPa) and severe osmotic stress (-1.5 MPa), respectively( P 2 SiO 3 (KCl as control) could promote growth and improve the drought resistance of H. ammodendron by decreasing the relative conductivity and MDA content in assimilating shoots.

1.Key Laboratory of Inland River Basin Ecohydrology, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, China; 2.Gansu Research Academy of Forestry Science and Technology, Lanzhou 730020, China; 3.State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China

通过修正1/2 Hoagland营养液配方加入K 2 SiO 3 的(KCl对照)方式,以蛭石为基质进行溶液培养,研究了硅(Si)元素在多浆旱生植物梭梭( Haloxylon ammodendron )生长和抗旱性中的生理作用。结果显示,与相应KCl对照相比,外加一定浓度的K 2 SiO 3 对梭梭的生长有促进作用,其中15 mmol·L -1 K 2 SiO 3 对梭梭生长的促进作用最大,而50 mmol·L -1 以上的K 2 SiO 3 的处理(KCl对照)显著抑制了梭梭的生长( P -1 KCl相比,15 mmol·L -1 K 2 SiO 3 处理的梭梭株高分别增加了20.2%和11.4%,分枝数分别增加了41.4%和21.6%;鲜重分别增加了39.1%和14.5%,含水量分别增加了35.2%和13.8%。在不同强度渗透胁迫下,与30 mmol·L -1 KCl对照相比,15 mmol·L -1 K 2 SiO 3 处理显著提高了梭梭的抗旱能力,使同化枝中丙二醛含量和相对电导率显著下降,减轻了渗透胁迫对梭梭生长造成的伤害。与对照和施加30 mmol·L -1 KCl的植株相比,当渗透势分别为 -0.5(轻度)、-1.0(中度) 和 -1.5 MPa(重度)时,15 mmol·L -1 K 2 SiO 3 处理的梭梭株高分别增加了24.7%和10.1%,26.4%和13.8%,24.2%和12.9%;鲜重分别增加了43.6%和15.7%,52.7%和15.0%,59.3%和20.1%;同化枝中丙二醛含量则降低了26%和12%,32.8%和17.2%,31.3%和17.2%,相对电导率降低了26.7%和13.3%,41.2%和23.5%,47.5%和25% ( P 2 SiO 3 处理能促进梭梭的生长并通过降低同化枝中相对电导率和丙二醛含量的积累来增强梭梭的抗旱性。

... 已有研究表明,外源硅能够促进植物生长发育,并提高植物的抗旱性^[3,4,5,6],但是相关研究主要集中于作物和草坪植物,而对于园林中观赏花卉施加硅的研究极少 ...

2010

0.0

郭兴华, 郭正刚, 刘慧霞, 周雪荣. 硅对植物的有益作用及其对草坪草研究的启示. 草业科学, 2010, 27(3): 55-61.

Guo X

, Guo Z

, Liu H

, Zhou X

Benefits of silicon nutrition on plants and its enlightenment to turf grass research.

Pratacultural Science, 2010, 27(3): 55-61. (in Chinese)

As the second element in the earth's crust, silicon evidently benefits plant growth and development. After discussing the silicon distribution in plants, channels of assimilating silicon for plants, as well as the positive role of silicon on stress condition, some enlightenments of silicon nutrients to turf grass and turf management research were drawn as following: Firstly, addition of silicon could promote turf grass growth and shorten the duration of turf establishment; secondly, it could improve water use efficiency in order to save water resources for irrigation turf; thirdly, addition of silicon could improve the turf grass resistance to abiotic stress, it could increase the possibility area of establishing turf; fourthly, silicon application would reduce the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in turf grass management, and mitigate soil degeneration; finally, silicon application would improve turf grass resistance to biotic stress, and decrease the use of pesticide in turf management.

作为地壳中含量第二的元素，硅对植物的生长发育具有显著积极作用。通过分析硅在植物体内的分布、植物吸收硅的途径以及硅在植物抗逆过程中的积极作用，指出硅对草坪草和草坪管理的研究中具有如下几点启示：硅能够促进草坪草生长，缩短建植时间；提高植物水分利用效率，节约灌溉量；提高草坪草抗非生物胁迫能力，扩大建植区域；减少草坪和绿地管理中氮磷使用量，缓解土壤劣化；提高草坪绿地抗生物胁迫能力，减少农药使用量。

2012

0.0

陈伟, 蔡昆争, 陈基宁. 硅和干旱胁迫对水稻叶片光合特性和矿质养分吸收的影响. 生态学报, 2012, 32(8): 2620-2628.

Chen

, Cai K

, Chen J

Effects of silicon application and drought stress on photosynthetic traits and mineral nutrient absorption of rice leaves.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(8): 2620-2628. (in Chinese)

Drought stress is one of the major constraints for rice production in the rainfed lowlands in the world. Silicon (Si) has been verified to play an important role in increasing plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, although it is not considered an essential element to higher plants. In addition, there were some reports about the beneficial role of Si in alleviating drought stress, yet the mechanism is still poorly understood. Here, two near-isogenic lines of rice ( Oryza sativa L.), w-14 (drought susceptible) and w-20 (drought resistant), were chosen to study the effects of exogenous Si application on the growth traits, photosynthetic characteristics and mineral nutrient absorption of rice plant under drought stress. Water was withheld 10 days during heading stage. The results showed that 1.5 mmol/L Si supply had no significant effects on growth and physiological parameters of rice plants under well-watered conditions. Drought stress was found to reduce dry weight, leaf water potential, photosynthetic parameters, basal quantum yield ( Fv/F 0 ) and maximum quantum efficiency of PSⅡ photochemistry ( Fv/Fm ) in rice plants, while Si application significantly increased dry matter accumulation, water utilization efficiency, water potential, chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm and Fv/F 0 , photosynthetic rate ( Pr ), transpiration rate ( Tr ) of leaves for both rice lines under drought stress, but stomatal conductance ( G s ) and intercellular CO 2 concentration ( Ci ) were decreased. Silicon content in leaves was significantly increased by Si treatment whether drought stress occurred or not. In addition, Si supply could influence mineral nutrient level of rice leaves. Significant increase in the content of inorganic ions level of leaves were found in the two near-isogenic rice lines under drought stress, but Si treatment significantly reduced these ions, K + 、Na + 、Ca 2+ 、Mg 2+ 、Fe 3+ content in leaves were reduced by 16.38%, 24.50%, 19.70%, 21.52% and 18.58% for line w-14, 11.64%, 12.11%, 16.06%, 11.11% and 19.15% for line w-20, respectively. These results suggested that silicon application is useful to alleviate drought stress of rice through the enhancement of photochemical efficiency and adjustment of the mineral nutrient absorption in rice plants.

硅被认为是植物生长的有益元素,它能增强植物对非生物逆境和生物逆境胁迫的抗性。以抗旱性不同的一对水稻近等基因系w-14-和 w-20为实验材料,采用盆栽实验,研究了干旱胁迫下硅处理对水稻生长性状、光合生理特性和矿质养分吸收的影响。结果表明,在正常水分条件下硅处理对水稻的生长及生理特性没有明显影响。干旱胁迫显著降低水稻植株的生长,叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数 Fv/Fm 及 Fv/F 0 值显著降低,光合作用受到明显抑制。加硅能提高干旱胁迫条件下水稻植株的生物量、水分利用效率、叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率和蒸腾速率,而气孔导度和细胞间隙CO 2 浓度则下降。无论干旱与否,施硅后水稻的叶片硅含量均显著上升。两个水稻品系叶片的无机离子含量在干旱胁迫条件下均呈显著增加的趋势,而硅处理后材料w-14的叶片K + 、Na + 、Ca 2+ 、Mg 2+ 、Fe 3+ 含量分别降低16.38%, 24.50%, 19.70%, 21.52%, 18.58%,w-20则分别降低11.64%, 12.11%, 16.06%, 11.11% 和 19.15%,并使之回复到与对照更接近的水平。研究结果表明了硅提高水稻植株的抗旱性与光合作用的改善和矿质养分的调节有关。

... 2015年6月,采用自然干旱法对水分进行控制,土壤含水量的测定采用称重法^[5,6],控制在3个梯度,分别是正常T₁(土壤田间持水量的80%~90%)、中度胁迫T₂(土壤田间持水量的50%~65%)、重度胁迫T₃(土壤田间持水量的30%~45%) ...

... 还有研究指出,施硅使水稻(Oryza sativa)^[5]和小麦(Triticum aestivam)^[20]叶片的T_r增加、G_s减小,本研究中施硅降低了干旱胁迫下肥皂草叶片的G_s和T_r,可能是硅通过调节肥皂草叶片的G_s,从 ...

2011

0.0

郑明珠, 刘金荣, 秦伟志, 杨有俊. 硅对干旱胁迫下草地早熟禾形态及生理特性的影响. 草业科学, 2011, 28(6): 1009-1013.

Zheng M

, Liu J

, Qin W

, Yang Y

Effects of silicon on Kentucky bluegrass under drought stress.

Pratacultural Science, 2011, 28(6): 1009-1013. (in Chinese)

Abstract: A simulated drought resistant experiment was conducted to understand the effect of different silicon supplies on morphology and physiology of Kentucky bluegrass Sapphire (Poa pratensis) by measuring the total evapotranspiration (ET), leaf relative water content (RWC), leaf electrolyte leakage(EL), turf quality(TQ), root dry weight(RDW) and root activity (RACT). This study indicated that ET，RWC，TQ，RDW，RACT of Kentucky bluegrass markedly decreased and EL markedly increased under the drought stress. The silicon supplies did not affect the ET，RWC，TQ，RDW，RACT，EL of Kentucky bluegrass in higher irrigation condition; however, silicon increased the ET，RWC，TQ，RDW，RACT and decreasing EL in lower irrigation conditions, especially Si2.14 treatment.

摘要：通过测定人工模拟干旱缺水条件下，不同浓度硅处理后草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)品种蓝宝石(Sapphire)总蒸散量、叶片相对含水量、叶片相对电导率、草坪质量、根干质量、根活性指标变化，研究了硅对干旱胁迫条件下草地早熟禾形态及生理特性的影响。结果表明，干旱胁迫下草地早熟禾的总蒸散量、叶片相对含水量、草坪质量、根干质量、根活性较对照（充分灌水）明显下降，而叶片相对电导率明显上升。在对照处理下，各浓度硅对总蒸散量、叶片相对含水量、草坪质量、根干质量、根活性、叶片相对电导率均没有显著影响；而在干旱胁迫下，硅能明显促进草地早熟禾总蒸散量、叶片相对含水量、草坪质量、根干质量、根活性升高，促进叶片相对电导率明显下降，且以浓度为2.14 mmol/L时效果最佳。

2007

0.0

王永春, 罗铮, 曲超, 丁自勉, 孙宝启, 孙群. 肥皂草种子的休眠和萌发特性初探. 植物生理学通讯, 2007, 43(3): 491-493.

Wang Y

, Luo

, Qu

, Ding Z

, Sun B

, Sun

Preliminary study on dormancy and germination characteristics in seed of Saponaria officinalis Linn.

Plant Physiology Communication, 2007, 43(3): 491-493. (in Chinese)

用刀片切破肥皂草种子的种皮,可以有效地破除肥皂草种子休眠,第2天就达到完全萌发.变温0℃/25℃(12 h黑暗/12 h光照)处理可以有效地促进肥皂草种子的萌发,达到完全萌发需要20 d.

... 目前,肥皂草的相关研究主要集中在繁殖栽培与药用物质研究上^[7,8,9,10] ...

2015

0.0

吴正龙, 张芳玮, 张凯. 肥皂草的药用价值及应用. 现代园艺, 2015, 16(8): 129-129.

Wu Z

, Zhang F

, Zhang

The medicinal value of Saponaria officinalis and its application.

Modern Horticulture, 2015, 16(8): 129-129. (in Chinese)

肥皂草为石竹科肥皂草属的宿根草本花卉,其花形优美,香味浓郁,可美化环境、药用及家庭观赏,深受园林工作者和花友的喜爱。

... 目前,肥皂草的相关研究主要集中在繁殖栽培与药用物质研究上^[7,8,9,10] ...

2000

0.0

杨元德, 周康靖, 潘克桢, 张蓉真, 陈儒明, 饶平凡. 肥皂草毒蛋白分离纯化及性质研究. 生物化学与生物物理进展, 2000, 27(1): 56-60.

Yang Y

, Zhou K

, Pan K

, Zhang R

, Chen R

, Rao P

Purification and characterization of Saporins.

Progress in Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2000, 27(1): 56-60. (in Chinese)

Three saporins,SO3a, SO3b and SO6,were separated and purified from the seeds extracts of Saponaria officinalis .The molecular weights of SO3a and SO3b are about 22 500,19 400,respectively,and their p I values are about 8.4 and the amino acid components are analysed.The contents of the secondary structure of SO3a and SO3b are determined by laser Raman spectrum.In the experiment it was also found by reverse phase capillary chromatography that SO6 which was reported by stripe to be a purified protein,contain two components in fact.

从肥皂草里分离到三种核糖体失活蛋白(ribosome inactivating proteins, RIPs): SO3a、SO3b，SO6.并测定SO3a,SO3b的相对分子质量分别约为22 500、19 400, 等电点都为8.4左右. 进行了氨基酸组成分析.用激光拉曼光谱初步预测SO3a和SO3b的二级结构含量.用反相毛细管色谱发现SO6含有两个组分，而Stripe等报道SO6为单一峰.

... 目前,肥皂草的相关研究主要集中在繁殖栽培与药用物质研究上^[7,8,9,10] ...

2009

0.0

王金刚, 齐广勋, 杨涛, 车代弟, 杨传平. 岩生肥皂草的组织培养与快速繁殖. 植物生理学通讯, 2009, 45(4): 395-396.

Wang J

, Qi G

, Yang

, Che D

, Yang C

Tissue culture and rapid propagation of Saponaria ocymoides L.

Plant Physiology Communications, 2009, 45(4): 395-396. (in Chinese)

摘　要： 1植物名称岩生肥皂草（Saponaria ocymoides L．）。2材料类别茎尖和节间茎段。3培养条件以MS为基本培养基，另加3％蔗糖和0．7％琼脂粉，pH5．85。分化、增殖培养基为：（1）MS＋6-BA0．5mg．L-1（单位下同）＋NAA0．1；（2）MS＋6-BA1．0＋NAA0．1；（3）MS＋6-BA0．5＋NAA0-2：（4）MS＋6-BA1．0＋NAA0．2。生根培养基为：（5）MS＋IBA0．2；（6）MS＋IBA0．4。培养温度（25＋2）℃；

... 目前,肥皂草的相关研究主要集中在繁殖栽培与药用物质研究上^[7,8,9,10] ...

2015

0.0

... 叶绿素含量的测定:采用丙酮法^[11] ...

1989

0.0

... s)^-1] 进行线性回归^[13],得出表观量子效率 (AQY,apparent quantum yield),并计算出光饱和点(LSP,light saturation point)、光补偿点(LCP,light compensation point)^[14] ...

2005

0.0

刘宇锋, 萧浪涛, 童建华, 李晓波. 非直线双曲线模型在光合光响应曲线数据分析中的应用. 中国农学通报, 2005, 21(8): 76-79.

Liu Y

, Xiao L

, Tong J

, Li X

Primary application on the non-rectangular hyperbola model for photosynthetic light-response curve.

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2005, 21(8): 76-79. (in Chinese)

Compared between two analysis methods of the photosynthetic light-response curve data，the non-rectangular hyperbola model was found to be more objective to calculate the photosynthetic parameters and simulate the photosynthetic light-response curve when the data were processed by the nonlinear statistical regression function of SPSS software and combined with linear regression in the low light period. Binomial regression curve could simulate photosynthetic light-response curve data，but it could not calculate apparent quantum yield(φ) and explain that net photosynthetic rates (Pn) predicted declines quickly when photosynthetic photo flux density(PPFD)excesses the light-saturation point.

通过对光响应曲线数据两种分析方法的比较，发现使用二项式回归来拟合光响应曲线，不能计算表观量子效率且无法解释光强超过光饱和点后，模型预测的光合速率很快下降等问题；而运用非直线双曲线模型结合SPSS软件的非线性回归，并在低光阶段辅以直线回归作补充，能较客观地计算光响应曲线相关参数并绘制出拟合图形。

... s)^-1] 进行线性回归^[13],得出表观量子效率 (AQY,apparent quantum yield),并计算出光饱和点(LSP,light saturation point)、光补偿点(LCP,light compensation point)^[14] ...

2012

0.0

吴建慧, 郭瑶, 崔艳桃. 水分胁迫对绢毛委陵菜叶绿体超微结构及光合生理因子的影响. 草业科学, 2012, 29(3): 434-439.

Wu J

, Guo

, Cui Y

Effects of water stress on ultrastructure and photosynthetic physiological factor of Potentilla sericea.

Pratacultural Science, 2012, 29(3): 434-439. (in Chinese)

The leaf ultrastructure of Potentilla sericea under water stress was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomata conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration and water use efficiency (WUE) were measured by portable photosynthesis system (LI6400). The results showed that the leaf ultrastructure was complete under control. Grana lamellaes of chloroplasts were distinct. The number of granas was abundant and the structure was compact. The thylakoids were compact and the grana stacks of thylakoids were regular. The chloroplasts showed lowly osmiophilic. There were few and small osmiophilic grain in the chloroplasts. With the intensive of drought stress, the grana and envelope damaged, the lamella swelled or dissolved and the grana stacks of thylakoids were disorder. Mitochondrial doublemembranes swelled or rived and its inclusion effused. The net photosynthetic rate was closely related to the change in chloroplast structure. The Pn, Tr and WUE of leaf decrease with the declining of soil water content and the damage of chloroplast.

以绢毛委陵菜(Potentilla sericea)为材料，通过盆栽试验进行水分胁迫处理并分析幼苗叶片超微结构与净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、水分利用率(WUE)的关系。结果表明，未胁迫的叶肉细胞结构完整。叶绿体基粒片层结构清晰，基粒数目多且排列整齐，基粒类囊体排列致密，类囊体片层叠垛整齐。叶绿体嗜锇程度低，嗜锇颗粒少，且体积小；随着自然失水胁迫程度的加强，叶绿体基粒和膜结构断裂，片层排列紊乱，基粒垛叠程度下降；线粒体双膜结构膨大或破裂，内含物流出，嵴减少。光合作用与叶绿体的结构变化相关，随着土壤逐步干旱和叶绿体受损程度的加重，Pn、Tr、WUE有所下降。表明在干旱胁迫下绢毛委陵菜通过改变叶绿体结构和光合生理因子来提高抗旱性。

... leucophylla)^[15,16]和华山新麦草(Psathyroetachys huashanica)^[17]的P_n、T_r、G_s下降,硅降低了干旱胁迫下水稻叶片的G_s和 Tr18,提高了干旱胁迫下玉米(Zea mays)的P_n和叶绿素含量^[19] ...

2014

0.0

吴建慧, 许建军, 张静, 王玲. 两种委陵菜对干旱胁迫的光合生理响应. 草业科学, 2014, 31(7): 1330-1335.

Wu J

, Xu J

, Zhang

, Wang

Photosynthetic physiology responses of two Potentilla species under drought stress.

Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(7): 1330-1335. (in Chinese)

The ultra-structure and photosynthetic physiology of Potentilla leucophylla and P.verticillaris under different dehydrate stresses were studied with electron microscopy. Under light dehydrate stress, the ultra-structure of two P.species had minor damage. The photosynthetic indices including stomatal conductance (G s ), net photosynthetic rate(P n ), transpiration rate(T r ), intercellular CO 2 concentration(C i ) and water use efficiency (WUE) also decreased, especially G s decreased significantly which showed that stomatal limited photosynthesis. Under moderate and severe dehydrate stresses, the ultra-structure of two P.species had serious damage; simultaneously. The photosynthetic indices had different performance. P n decreased further, T r ,G s and WUE decreased rapidly and C i increased slowly. Non-stomatal limitation played a major role in this progress. Both Potentilla species have drought resistance based on the the structural and physiological indices although P.verticillaris had slightly stronger drought tolerance than P.leucophylla .

采用自然失水胁迫方法,利用电镜制片和气体交换技术,研究了白叶委陵菜( Potentilla leucophylla )和轮叶委陵菜( P.verticillaris )的超微结构和光合生理因子对干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明,在轻度干旱胁迫下两种委陵菜叶片超微结构受损较轻;叶片气孔导度(G s )明显下降,净光合速率(P n )、蒸腾速率(T r )、胞间CO 2 浓度(C i )和水分利用效率(WUE)也都有所下降,气孔限制是造成光合下降的主要原因;在中度和重度胁迫条件下,两种委陵菜叶片超微结构受损严重;同时P n 进一步降低,T r 、G s 和WUE下降较快,C i 缓慢上升,但始终低于对照水平,此时非气孔限制起着主要作用。对比干旱胁迫下两种委陵菜的结构和光合生理变化发现,两种委陵菜都具有一定的抗旱性,轮叶委陵菜抗旱能力略强于白叶委陵菜。

2012

0.0

李倩, 王明, 王雯雯, 张瑞昌, 岳明. 华山新麦草光合特性对干旱胁迫的响应. 生态学报, 2012, 32(13): 4278-4284.

, Wang

, Wang W

, Zhang R

, Yue

Response of photosynthetic characteristics of Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng to drought stress.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(13): 4278-4284. (in Chinese)

Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng is a perennial herb belongs to Gramineae and only distributes in Huashan area of Qinling Mountain, Shaanxi Province, China. At present, the amount of the population is much less than the past and suffers the risk of extinction. Owing to distributing limitation and importance as breeding material for germplasm storage, it has been listed into the first class of rare and endangered species of the nation and imperatively protected wild species in relation to crops. Drought is the major environmental stress limiting growth and yield of plants worldwide. Mean global temperature and evaporation rate are expected to rise over the next few decades and as a consequence the crop demand for water will increase. It is well known that inhibition of photosynthesis is one of the primary physiological consequences of drought stress. For this reason, the study of photosynthetic characteristics with related to drought stress is worthwhile in exploration of the acclimation and conservation of this endangered species. In the present paper, the response of photosynthetic characteristics to drought stress in P. huashanica Keng was studied by measuring growth parameters, gas-exchange, photosynthetic pigment contents, modulated chlorophyll fluorescence and malonaldehyde (MDA) contents under 3 different drought stresses in a pot experiment. The result exhibited that, when increasing drought stress, plant height, the width of leaf and photosynthetic pigment contents decreased and root length and MDA contents enhanced. Drought stress induced the decrease of net photosynthesis ( P N ), stomatal conductance ( g s ), ratio of transpiration ( E ), the maximum fluorescence ( F m ), the electron transport rate (ETR) and photochemical quenching ( q P ) and an increase of ratio of intercellular CO 2 , intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE), the minimal fluorescence ( F o ) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Meanwhile, the maximum quantum yield of photo-system II (PSII) ( F v / F m ) kept invariable under drought stress. Besides, the fitted indexes from photo-response curves of P N showed that photosynthesis and photosynthetic capacity were progressively reduced under drought conditions. As a consequence, lower light intensity is required to saturate photosynthesis. Under these conditions, plants cannot use all the excess of light energy for photosynthesis, increasing the susceptibility of plants to photoinhibition. In this experiment, photosystem II was injuried by severe drought, the quantum yield of photosystem II are significantly reduced by nonphysiologically low relative water contents when photoinhibition occurs, which may be the main cause restraining factors of photosynthesis. Electron transport is very resistant to drought and can remain unchanged during mild drought while it decreased when suffering severe drought stress. Summing up and obtains a conclusion, Gas-exchange data showed that the closure of stomata during drought stress, stomatal closure is one of the first responses to soil drying in Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng, and when drought stress increased, the photosynthetic apparatus was destroyed irreversible (Chlorophyll fluorescence parametres exhibited the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus), and non-stomatal limitations may be the main inhibition of photosynthesis. Since Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng was distributed narrowly and disconnectedly and it's habitat is often on roadside or cliff or rock hollow (water deficit), namely quite rigorous, drought stress may be one of the main cause of the species endangered.

以濒危植物华山新麦草为材料进行盆栽试验,设置3个水分梯度,研究生长指标、气体交换、叶绿素荧光参数、光合色素含量、光响应特征及丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果表明:随干旱胁迫的加剧,株高、叶宽和光合色素含量降低,根长和丙二醛(MDA)含量增加;水分胁迫导致净光合速率( P N )、气孔导度( g s )、蒸腾速率( E )、最大荧光( F m )、光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭系数( q P )降低,胞间CO 2 浓度( C i )、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)、初始荧光( F o )和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)升高;光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率( F v / F m )不变;干旱胁迫下光响应曲线拟合结果显示,干旱胁迫造成最大光合速率和光能利用效率下降。综上表明,干旱对光系统Ⅱ的伤害是制约华山新麦草光合作用的主要原因。

1998

0.0

... 而降低T_r,提高了肥皂草叶片抗旱保水能力,这与Agarie等^[18]对水稻的研究结果一致,其机理有待今后进一步研究 ...

2007

0.0

李清芳, 马成仓, 尚启亮. 干旱胁迫下硅对玉米光合作用和保护酶的影响. 应用生态学报, 2007, 18(3): 531-536.

Li Q

, Ma C

, Shang Q

Effects of silicon on photosynthesis and antoxidative enzymes of maize under drought stress.

Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, 18(3): 531-536. (in Chinese)

With pot experiment, this paper studied the effects of silicon supply on drought-resistance capability of maize plant. The results showed that under mild and severe drought stress, supplying silicon could increase the plant biomass by 31.1%—33.3% and 23.7%—40.5%, respectively, compared with the control. Silicon enhanced the net photosynthetic rate by 10.9%—28.8%, increased the chlorophyll content and POD, SOD and CAT activities by 4.0%—11.9%, 6.4%—26.4%, 17.8%—26.8% and 3.2%—33.5%, respectively, and restrained the increase of leaf plasma membrane permeability and MDA content. Correlation analysis indicated that there was a significant correlation between plant dry matter accumulation and diurnal photosynthetic cumulates ( r =0.9357, P effect of silicon supply was the main factor inducing the increase of dry matter accumulation under drought stress. The higher antioxidative enzyme activities with silicon supply lightened the injury effect of free radicals, being another important factor inducing the increase of plant drought- resistance capability.

利用盆栽试验研究了施硅（K 2 SiO 3 ）对玉米植株抗旱能力的影响.结果表明：与对照相比，干旱胁迫下施硅提高了玉米植株的生物量积累，轻度和重度水分胁迫处理分别提高了31.1％～33.3％和23.7％～40.5％；施硅提高了玉米植株的净光合速率（10.9%～28.8%）和叶绿素含量（4.0%～11.9%）；施硅使干旱胁迫下玉米植株的POD、SOD和CAT活性分别提高6.4%～26.4%、17.8%～26.8%和3.2%～33.5%，抑制了干旱胁迫下叶片细胞膜透性的增加和丙二醛含量的升高.相关分析表明，干旱胁迫下玉米干生物量积累与日光合积累呈显著相关（ r =0.9357, P <0.05），说明光合作用的提高是干旱胁迫下硅对生物量积累影响的主要因素.较高的保护酶活性减轻了自由基的伤害作用，是硅增强植株抗旱性的另一重要因素.

2007

0.0

丁燕芳, 梁永超, 朱佳, 李兆君. 硅对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及光合参数的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2007, 13(3): 471-478.

Ding Y

, Liang Y

, Zhu

, Li Z

, Effects of silicon on plant growth, photosynthetic parameters and soluble sugar content in leaves of wheat under drought stress. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2007, 13(3): 471-478. (in Chinese)

Two wheat( Tritium aestivum L.) cultivars,Yangmai No.9(drought-sensitive) and Yumai No.18(drought-tolerant),were used to investigate the effects of exogenous silicon(Si) on growth parameters,photosynthetic and physiological characteristics of plant under drought stress simulated by PEG solutions(osmotic potential is about-0.589 MPa).The results indicated that the addition of soluble Si could significantly improve drought tolerance of wheat.Compared with the plants treated with PEG alone,the net photosynthetic rates of the leaves of drought-stressed wheat were significantly enhanced by the application of silicon. The treatment with 1.0 mmol/L Si was more effective in enhancing plant drought tolerance than the treatment with 0.1 mmol/L Si.Compared with control(with PEG alone), net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(Tr),water use efficiency(WUE) and stomatal limitation value(Ls) were more significantly enhanced,but stomatal conductance(Gs) and intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci) were significantly decreased by Si.Drought-stressed plants with Si applied had significantly greater fresh weight,dry weight and leaf soluble protein content compared with drought-stressed plants without Si applied.Moreover,Si application regulated the increase in soluble sugar contents which might induce a feedback-regulation of photosynthetic rate.

采用溶液培养试验,以两个抗旱性不同的小麦品种:低抗的扬麦9号(Yangmai.9)和高抗的豫麦18(Yumai.18)为材料,用PEG6000(聚乙二醇6000,渗透势约为-0.589MPa)模拟干旱胁迫条件,研究了硅对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗生长、光合作用及可溶性糖含量的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫条件下,小麦幼苗的生长和光合作用显著受到抑制,加硅处理能有效地提高干旱胁迫条件下小麦幼苗的生长状况及光合作用,且1.0.mmol/L.Si处理的效果优于0.1mmol/L.Si处理。与不加硅处理相比,干旱胁迫条件下加硅处理后,小麦幼苗的鲜干重、叶片可溶性蛋白含量、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用率(WUE)和气孔限制值(Ls)均显著升高,叶绿素含量也有一定程度的升高;而气孔导度(Gs)和细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)显著下降,可溶性糖积累量也降低。因此,硅可显著提高小麦对干旱胁迫的抗性。

2010

0.0

刘刚, 张光灿, 刘霞. 土壤干旱胁迫对黄栌叶片光合作用的影响. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21(7): 1697-1701.

Liu

, Zhang G

, Liu

Responses of Cotinus coggygria var. cinerea photosynthesis to soil drought stress.

Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2010, 21(7): 1697-1701. (in Chinese)

By using a portable photosynthetic system (CIRAS-2), this paper studied the photosynthetic characters of 3-year-old Cotinus coggygria var. cinerea under effects of different soil water regime (enough supply, light stress, medium stress, and heavy stress) and light intensity. Soil water regime had significant effects on the photosynthetic parameters of C. coggygria . With increasing drought stress, the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and apparent yield all declined apparently, while the light compensation point increased. The highest water use efficiency was found under light water stress (soil relative water content being about 60%-65%). C. coggygria had higher net photosynthetic rate and higher water use efficiency under a wide range of high light intensity (photosynthetically active radiation being 1000-1800 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 ), but had lower efficiency of light absorbance and conversion, i.e ., lower apparent quantum yield, under low light intensity, which was declined more significantly when the soil water stress was intensified.

采用CIRAS-2型便携式光合作用系统,设置充足供水、轻度、中度和重度胁迫4种土壤水分处理,研究土壤干旱和强光胁迫对3年生黄栌苗木叶片光合作用的影响.结果表明:土壤干旱胁迫对黄栌叶片的光合性能参数影响显著,随着土壤水分胁迫的加剧,黄栌叶片的光合速率、蒸腾速率和光量子效率明显降低,光补偿点增高,水分利用效率在轻度水分胁迫(土壤相对含水量60%～65%)下最高；在强光(有效辐射强度1000～1800 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 )范围内,叶片光合速率和水分利用效率均较高，而对弱光的光能吸收和光量子效率较低,并随土壤水分胁迫加剧明显下降.

... 本研究表明,干旱胁迫下,肥皂草叶片LCP升高,LSP降低,这与对黄栌(Cotinus coggygria)^[21]和假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides)^[22]的研究结果一致,说明干旱对植株光合器官造成一定影响,降低植物对光的敏感程度 ...

2010

0.0

代微然, 任健, 毕玉芬. 干旱对假俭草光响应曲线的影响. 草业学报, 2010, 19(3): 251-254.

Dai W

, Ren

, Bi Y

Effect of drought stress on light-response curve of centipede grass.

Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2010, 19(3): 251-254. (in Chinese)

以假俭草2个品系——Yaan和Common为试验材料,研究了中度干旱(土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的50%)和重度干旱(土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的35%)对光响应曲线的影响。结果表明,同一干旱水平下,在一定的光照范围内,净光合效率和气孔导度随着光强的增加而增大;随着干旱程度的加剧则发生显著降低,在Common品系中最大光合速率和光饱和点分别由22.3降到11.2μmol/(m2.s),578降到350μmol/(m2.s),在Yaan品系中则由24.5降到13.0μmol/(m2.s),694降到474μmol/(m2.s)。在同一光强下,Yaan的净光合速率、气孔导度值均大于Common。从光响应曲线来看,Yaan品系受到干旱的影响较小,对光强的利用能力高于Common。

2000

0.0

... Rubisco活性和电子传递速率决定了植物叶片的A_max,A_max代表叶片最大光合能力^[23],AQY与R_d的大小反映植物利用弱光能力的大小和植物呼吸作用的强弱,与植物健康状态呈正相关 ...

2011

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张仁和, 薛吉全, 浦军, 赵兵, 张兴华, 郑友军, 卜令铎. 干旱胁迫对玉米苗期植株生长和光合特性的影响. 作物学报, 2011, 37(3): 521-528.

Zhang R

, Xue J

, Pu

, Zhao

, Zhang X

, Zheng Y

, Bu L

Influence of drought stress on plant growth and photosynthetic traits in maize seedlings.

Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2011, 37(3): 521-528. (in Chinese)

The responses of plant growth, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were studied in two different maize hybrids Zhengdan 958 (drought resistant) and Shaandan 902 (drought-sensitive) under three different drought stresses (mild drought, moderate drought, severe drought) and normal irrigation in a pot experiment. The results showed that drought stress inhibited plant growth and relative growth rate in the two hybrids, resulting in a significant decline in biomass. With the increasing of drought stress, the maximum leaf net photosynthetic rate ( P nmax ), apparent quantum efficiency (AQY), light saturation point (LSP), stomatal conductance ( G s ), stomatal limitation ( L s ), maximum electron transport rate (ETR m ), photosynthetic efficiency (α), PSII actual quantum yield ( Φ PSII ) and photochemical quenching ( q P ) decreased, while the intercellular CO 2 concentration ( C i ), light compensation point (LCP) and non-photochemical quenching ( q N ) increased. But the change extents of all parameters were smaller in Zhengdan 958 than in Shaandan902. This finding indicated that drought stress could significantly decrease the biomass of two maize varieties, possibly caused by reduction in the photosynthetic efficiency of plants. The drought stress damaging effects on plant growth and photosynthesis were minimal on the Zhengdan 958 compared to Shaandan 902. Under drought stress the Zhengdan 958 maintained higher photosynthetic efficiency, stronger light energy transfer capacity and greater relative growth rate that may be the major physiological traits in the adaptive capacity to drought conditions.

College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University / State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Yangling 712100, China

以2个不同抗旱性玉米品种郑单958 (抗旱性强)和陕单902 (抗旱性弱)为材料，采用盆栽控水试验，设置轻度干旱，中度干旱，重度干旱和正常灌水处理，研究了干旱胁迫对2个玉米品种植株生长、气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果显示，干旱胁迫抑制2个玉米品种植株生长和相对生长速率，导致整株生物量显著下降。随着干旱胁迫程度加剧，叶片最大净光合速率( P nmax )、表观量子效率(AQY)、光饱和点(LSP)、气孔导度( G s )、气孔限制值( L s )、最大电子传递速率( ETR m )、光能利用效率(α)、光系统II的实际量子产量( Φ PSII )和光化学猝灭系数( q P )均下降，而胞间CO 2 浓度( C i )，光补偿点(LCP)和非光化学猝灭系数( q N )均升高。可见，干旱胁迫下叶片光合能力和电子传递速率降低是2个玉米品种生物量减少的主要因素。但郑单958变化幅度小于陕单902，表明郑单958植株生长发育和光合特性比陕单902受干旱胁迫的影响小，较高的电子传递速率、较强的光能转化能力和较大的相对生长速率是郑单958适应干旱环境的重要生理特性。

... 干旱降低了玉米叶片的A_max和AQY^[24] ...

2009

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何明, 翟明普, 曹帮华. 水分胁迫下增施氮、磷对刺槐无性系苗木光合特性的影响. 北京林业大学学报, 2009, 31(6): 116-120.

, Zhai M

, Cao B

Effects of increased nitrogen and phosphorus on photosynthetic characteristics of Robinia pseudoacacia conal seedlings under water stress.

Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2009, 31(6): 116-120. (in Chinese)

通过对两个刺槐无性系苗木在光照培养箱内进行盆栽,采用正交试验设计的方法,研究不同水分胁迫水平下增施氮磷对两个刺槐无性系苗木光合特性的影响.对光合光响应曲线、最大净光合速率、光饱和点、光补偿点和叶绿素含量进行分析,结果表明:随干旱程度加深,干旱前期氮磷交互作用对刺槐叶片光饱和点和光补偿点影响显著,干旱后期差异不显著.比较两个刺槐无性系苗木的光合特性得出,L_1(鲁刺一号)比W_1(皖刺一号)更为耐旱. Abstract： With orthognnal experimental design, potted seedlings of two black locust clones were grown in a light incubator to study the effects of increased nitrogen and phosphorus on photosynthetic characteristics of the seedlings under different levels of water stress. Analyses of photosynthesis-light response curve, P_(n max), light saturation point (LSP), light compensation point (LCP) and the content of chlorophylls showed that with increased drought, LSP and LCP were influenced significantly by the interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus at the early stage of water stress, which was not significant at the late stage of water stress. Based on comparison between photosynthetic characteristics of the two black locust clones, it was concluded that L_1 was more tolerant of drought than W_1.

... 降低了刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、胡杨(Populus euphratica)与灰叶胡杨(Populus pruinosa)叶片的A_max、AQY、R_d^[25,26] ...

2007

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伍维模, 李志军, 罗青红, 韩路. 土壤水分胁迫对胡杨、灰叶胡杨光合作用-光响应特性的影响. 林业科学, 2007, 43(5): 30-35.

Wu W

, Li Z

, Luo Q

, Han

Effects of soil water stress on light response curves of photosynthesis of Populus euphratica and Populus pruinosa.

Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(5): 30-35. (in Chinese)

The two-year-old seedlings of Populus euphratica and Populus pruinosa were grown in pots to study the effects of soil water stress on the response of photosynthetic parameters to light intensities(PAR 0～3 000 μmol photons·m -2 s -1 ).There were three soil water stress treatments:70%～80%(normal water supply),50%～60%(mild stress)and 30%～40%(severe stress)of field water-holding capacity.The results showed that light response curves of net photosynthetic rate( P n )in P.euphratica and P.pruinosa were nonrectangular hyperbola function.Under Normal water supply condition, P.euphratica and P.pruinosa maximum net photosynthetic rates( P n max )were 24.59,16.68 μmol CO 2 ·m -2 s -1 ,apparent quantum yields( AQY )were 0.059,0.036 μmol CO 2 · μmol -1 photons,light saturation points( LSP )were 603,517 μmol photons·m -2 s -1 ,light compensation points(LCP)were 42,41 μmol photons·m -2 s -1 and dark respiration rates( R d )were 2.99、1.45 μmol CO 2 ·m -2 s -1 ,respectively.Under the soil drought stress the values of P n max , AQY,LSP and R d were declined and LCP values were not changed.Compared with P.pruinosa ,there were higher values of P n , P n max , LSP,AQY and R d in P.euphratica ,except for LCP.These results revealed that P.euphratica had higher capacity to acclimate to different soil water supply and light intensity than P.pruinosa grown under the same habitat type.

采用盆栽试验研究正常供水(土壤相对含水量70%～80%)、中度水分胁迫(50%～60%)和重度水分胁迫(30%～40%)条件下,胡杨和灰叶胡杨2年生幼苗光合作用-光响应特性。结果表明:胡杨、灰叶胡杨光合作用-光响应曲线符合非直角双曲线函数。在正常供水条件下,胡杨、灰叶胡杨的最大光合速率( P n max )分别为24.59、16.68μmol CO 2 ·m -2 s -1 ,表观光合量子效率( AQY )分别为0.059、0.036μmol CO 2 ·μmol -1 photons,光饱和点( LSP )分别为603、517μmol photons·m -2 s -1 ,光补偿点( LCP )分别为42、41μmol photons.m-2s-1、暗呼吸速率(Rd)分别为2.99、1.45μmol CO 2 ·m -2 s -1 。土壤水分胁迫能显著降低胡杨、灰叶胡杨 P n max 、 AQY、LSP ,而对 LCP 及 Rd 无显著影响。无论在正常供水还是在土壤水分胁迫条件下,胡杨均表现出更高的光合活性,其 P n 、 P n max 、 LSP、AQY 及 R d 值均比灰叶胡杨高,而LCP值,二者之间无显著差异。表明生长在同一生境中的胡杨对光照、土壤水分的生态适应能力高于灰叶胡杨。

... 降低了刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、胡杨(Populus euphratica)与灰叶胡杨(Populus pruinosa)叶片的A_max、AQY、R_d^[25,26] ...

2015

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陶雪, 苏德荣, 乔阳, 蔻丹. 西北旱区灌溉方式对苜蓿产量及品质的影响. 草业科学, 2015, 32(10): 1641-1647.

Tao

, Su D

, Qiao

, Kou

Effects of irrigation methods on yield and quality of alfalfa in arid northwest China.

Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(10): 1641-1647. (in Chinese)

The present study was to explore the effects of different irrigation methods including subsurface drip irrigation(SDI), border irrigation(BI), sprinkler irrigation(SI), and CK on growth, quality and yield of alfalfa. The results showed that different irrigation methods had different effects on soil water content, and SDI treatment had the highest soil water content. In addition, this study found that different irrigation methods had greatly different effects on alfalfa quality, yield and water use efficiency. Dry yield of two cuttings alfalfa of SDI treatment was 4 815.87, 4 300.41 kg·ha -1 , respectively. Compared with BI, SI and CK treatments, yield of two cuttings alfalfa of SDI increased by 10.56%, 14.92%, 95.26% and 13.64%, 23.60%, 120.85%, respectively ( P ＜0.05). Water use efficiency of two cuttings alfalfa of SDI treatment was 2.66, 2.50 kg·m -3 , respectively. Compared with BI and SI treatments, water use efficiency of the two cuttings of SDI increased by 17.70%, 21.46% and 20.77%, 34.41%, respectively ( P ＜0.05).度SDI treatment had the lowest protein content and the highest fiber content, but crude protein yield of SDI treatment was significantly improved ( P ＜0.05). Crude protein yield of two cuttings alfalfa of SDI treatment was 816.13, 814.07 kg·ha -1 , respectively. Compared with BI, SI,CK treatments, crude protein yield of two cuttings alfalfa of SDI increased by 2.38%, 5.84%, 61.90% and 10.90%, 18.83%,100.01%, respectively ( P ＜0.05). These results suggested SDI could improve the growth, crude protein yield, dry yield and water use efficiency of alfalfa. Therefore, SDI was more suitable for alfalfa planting in arid northwest China.

为探究灌溉方式对紫花苜蓿( Medicago sativa )产量及品质的影响,进行苜蓿地下滴灌(SDI)、畦灌(BI)、喷灌(SI)和对照(CK)4种处理的大田试验。结果表明,与其他3种处理相比,SDI的土壤含水量最高,CK最低。SDI的产量及水分利用效率均显著高于其他3个处理( P ＜0.05),其中SDI两茬的产量分别为4 815.87、4 300.41 kg·hm -2 ,相比BI、SI、CK,SDI两茬分别提高了10.56%、14.92%、95.26%和13.64%、23.60%、120.85%。SDI两茬的水分利用效率分别为2.66和2.50 kg·m -3 ,较BI和SI,两茬分别提高了17.70%、21.46%和20.77%、34.41%。CK的品质显著高于其他3个灌水处理( P ＜0.05),3个灌水处理间品质差异不明显,SDI苜蓿两茬的粗蛋白产量分别为816.13和814.07 kg·hm -2 ,相比BI、SI、CK,SDI两茬分别提高了2.38%、5.84%、61.90%和10.90%、18.83%、100.01%。本研究揭示,相比BI和SI,SDI促进苜蓿生长,且显著提高了苜蓿粗蛋白产量、干草产量及水分利用效率。因此,SDI适合在西北干旱地区苜蓿种植中应用和推广。

... 正常水分条件下施硅促进了紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)的生长,提高产量^[27,28],施硅还提高了水稻叶片的P_n、G_s、T_r和叶绿素含量^[29],使玉米、大豆(Glyxin max)叶片的A_max、R_d升高^[30],这与本研究结果一致 ...

2016

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张志, 苏德荣, 焦健. 地下滴灌硅肥对紫花苜蓿生长及品质的影响. 草业科学, 2016, 33(8): 1611-1617.

Zhang

, Su D

, Jiao

Effect of integration of water and silicon fertilizer on the growth of alfalfa under subsurface drip irrigation.

Pratacultural Science, 2016, 33(8): 1611-1617. (in Chinese)

In order to explore the influence of integration of irrigation water and fertilizer on the growth and quality of alfalfa under subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), the pot culture experiment simulated SDI and integration of water and silicon fertilizer was carried out with four treatments of silicon concentrations (0、0.01、0.02 and 0.03 g SiO 2 ·kg -1 Soil) and nine duplicates for each treatment. The results showed that six growth indexes of alfalfa applied silicon fertilizer were higher than that of without silicon fertilizer. As for the quality of alfalfa hay, CP with 0.02 g·kg -1 silicon fertilizer was the highest, NDF with 0.02 g·kg -1 silicon fertilizer was the least. So the conclusion was that the integration of irrigation water and silicon fertilizer under subsurface drip irrigation can promote growth of alfalfa,and silicon fertilizer promote the early growth stage of alfalfa more than the late growth stage of alfalfa. Plants with 0.02 g·kg -1 Si fertilizer has higher quality than other plants.

为了探讨在地下滴灌条件下将硅肥随水一体施入土壤后硅肥对紫花苜蓿( Medicago sativa )生长及品质的影响,设计了模拟水硅一体化的地下滴灌装置,并采用苜蓿盆栽滴灌方法进行研究。设置4个硅肥水平(0、0.01、0.02和0.03 g·kg -1 ,每千克土壤施用SiO 2 的克数),每个处理9次重复。结果表明,施硅的植株生长指标要显著好于不施硅的植株( P <0.05)。试验观测的两个茬次的苜蓿,施硅的处理植株相比于不施硅对照,其产量、叶面积、鲜干比、节间距、节间数等指标均有显著的提高( P <0.05)。不同茬次对比,施硅处理对于苜蓿的促进作用在生长初期要大于生长后期。施用硅肥对苜蓿营养指标的影响不明显,施硅量为0.02 g·kg -1 的处理相比对照组粗蛋白含量最高,纤维素含量最低,并且0.02 g·kg -1 处理的植株有较高的相对饲喂价值。所以,通过滴灌方式水肥一体施用硅肥可以促进紫花苜蓿的生长。

2011

0.0

高臣, 刘俊渤, 常海波, 于晓斌, 徐宏书. 硅对水稻叶片光合特性和超微结构的影响. 吉林农业大学学报, 2011, 33(1): 1-4.

Gao

, Liu J

, Chang H

, Yu X

, Xu H

Effects of silicon on rice leaf photosynthesis and ultrastructure.

Journal of Jilin Agricultural University, 2011, 33(1): 1-4. (in Chinese)

To further investigate nanosilicon on rice growth, using “nongda 19”as material, by spraying nanosilicon and sodium silicate, the chlorophyll content of rice leaves, peroxidase (POD) activity, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and intercellular CO 2 concentration (Ci) were measured. Simultaneously, surface ultrastructure of rice leaves and Si element content of rice leaf surface were determined and analyzed. The results indicate that application of silicon to rice can increase chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate, thereby enhance the photosynthesis of leaves; Application of silicon to rice can be conducive to formation of silicifiedleaf cells and enhance the content of silicon on leaf surface and leaf photosynthesis, but too large silicon will reduce chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate. Through comparing between concentration of SiO 2 hydrosol and sodium silicate, application concentration of 80 mg／L of SiO 2 hydrosol was foundto be the best result.

为进一步探讨硅对水稻生长发育的影响,试验以“农大19号”水稻为材料,测定了不同浓度的硅对水稻叶片的叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO 2 浓度(Ci)和水稻叶片表面的超微结构及水稻叶片表面硅元素含量的影响。结果表明：水稻施用硅后,叶绿素含量、气孔导度和净光合速率提高,叶片光合作用增强;施用硅有利于叶片表面形成硅化细胞,提高叶片表面硅元素含量,增强叶片光合作用。但是，硅浓度过大反而降低叶绿素含量和净光合速率。试验发现施用质量浓度为80 mg／L的二氧化硅水溶胶时,效果最佳。

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