希拉穆仁草原根层土壤水分变化特征

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张瑞强, 高天明, 王健, 岳征文. 希拉穆仁草原根层土壤水分变化特征. 草业科学, 2016,33(5):878-885
Zhang Rui-qiang, Gao Tian-ming, Wang Jian, Yue Zheng-wen. Soil moisture characteristics of root zone on Xilamuren grassland. Pratacultural Science,2016,33(5): 878-885 复制到剪切板

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《草业科学》编辑部

希拉穆仁草原根层土壤水分变化特征

张瑞强^1,², 高天明², 王健², 岳征文²

1.中国水利水电科学研究院流域水循环模拟与调控国家重点实验室,北京 100038

2.水利部牧区水利科学研究所,内蒙古呼和浩特 010020

高天明(1981-),男(蒙古族),内蒙古赤峰人,工程师,硕士,主要从事草地生态研究。E-mail:[email protected]

第一作者:张瑞强(1964-),男,内蒙古呼和浩特人,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事草地水土保持与节水灌溉研究工作。E-mail:[email protected]

收稿日期: 2016-01-19

基金: 中国水利水电科学研究院科研专项(节基本科研1556); 国家自然科学基金(41301302,31400482); 水利部“948”项目(201402)

摘要

为了探明阴山北麓希拉穆仁草原土壤水分的自然变化规律,采用AZ-DT自动水分监测仪长期定位监测天然草地根层土壤水分,结合降水量观测和植被调查,分析该区域土壤水分的变化特征及其对植被的影响。结果表明,1)降水是坡面土壤水分的主要来源,由于该地区降水稀少,导致坡面土壤水分经常处于体积含水量15%以下的较低水平;坡底土壤水分除降水以外还有径流来源,径流形成地面积水,使坡底土壤水分较高甚至经常处于过饱和状态。2)生长季降水量对坡面植被高度、盖度和生物量影响明显,但对坡底植物生长影响很小。坡底土壤通气不良并且盐碱化,致使植株低矮、细弱,但株丛数较多。3)由于冻融和积雪融化的影响,春季土壤水分较高且波动剧烈,这有利于牧草返青期的水分供应。

关键词: 希拉穆仁草原; 土壤水分; 植被

中图分类号:S812.2 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-0629(2016)5-0878-08 doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0367

Soil moisture characteristics of root zone on Xilamuren grassland

Zhang Rui-qiang^1,², Gao Tian-ming², Wang Jian², Yue Zheng-wen²

1.State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China

2.The Institute of Water Resources for Pastoral Areas, Hohhot 010020, China

Corresponding author: Gao Tian-ming E-mail:[email protected]

Abstract

In order to explore the natural variation laws of soil moisture in Xilamuren grassland, north Yinshan Mountains, AZ-DT automatic soil moisture monitor was used to monitor the soil moisture of root zonewith long-term period. Soil moisture, in combination with rainfall observation and vegetation survey, was applied to analyze local soil moisture variation characteristics and its impact on vegetation. The results of this study showed rainfall was the only source of soil moisture of the slope soil and was often below 15% due to rare rainfall. However, soil moisture at slope bottom come from runoff resources and rainfall, and was higher than that of slope soil, which led the soil moisture to be saturation condition. Rainfall significantly affected the height, coverage and biomass of plant community in slope soil, however, did not affect on those of plant community in slope bottom. The plant community in slope bottom is low and thin but large number because poor ventilation and salinization of slope bottom soil was not beneficial to plants growth. The soil moisture of the slope and the bottom was higher and the fluctuation was severe in spring season every year due to freezing thawing and snow melting, which was helpful to grassland regreen with enough water supply.

Keyword: Xilamuren grassland; soil moisture; vegetation

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土壤水分是水循环中的重要部分, 多数生态环境问题都是由于土壤水分问题而导致^[1]。国内外众多研究表明, 干旱半干旱区土壤水分季节动态与降水的季节性变化基本一致^{[2, 3]}, 降水格局及土壤有效储水量的时空特征决定了植物水分利用策略, 从而影响着整个生态系统的结构和功能, 对植被的稳定生长与恢复重建具有极大的限制性^{[4, 5]}。同时, 许多研究也显示, 小流域尺度下的地形地貌以及土地利用方式的差异造成了土壤水分的规律性变化, 间接影响植被的时空分布格局, 并在一定程度上影响小气候的变化^{[6, 7]}。近年来, 我国大力发展以植被建造为主的生态环境建设, 土壤水分植被承载力问题也愈加受到重视, 因为这不仅是生态环境建设的核心问题, 也是区域生态承载力研究的重要内容^{[8, 9]}。

获得准确的土壤水分数据是研究区域土壤水分植被承载力的关键问题之一, 对于区域植被选择和布局具有重要的实践意义, 直接关系到生态环境建设的成败^{[10, 11]}。阴山北麓地区气候干旱, 寒冷多风, 属于中国生态环境最差的地区, 同时也是我国北方重要的生态安全屏障。但由于近年来人为和自然因素的干扰, 该地区草原退化严重, 生态环境恶化加剧, 已严重威胁到了我国的生态安全, 因此急需加强草原生态保护与建设^{[12, 13, 14]}。本研究选取位于阴山北麓中部以克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)为建群种的希拉穆仁草原为研究样地, 其地理位置和植被类型具有较强的代表性。目前基于长期观测该地区根层土壤水分的研究报道较少。本研究旨在分析该地区根层土壤水分的变化特征及其对植被的影响, 为探求该地区土壤水分植被承载力、指导生态环境建设提供理论依据及相关参数。

1 研究地区与研究方法

1.1 研究区概况

希拉穆仁草原位于内蒙古包头市达尔罕茂明安联合旗东南部, 地理位置41° 12'-41° 31' N, 111° 00'-111° 20' E。地形低缓起伏, 地貌多呈浑圆丘陵波状, 平均海拔1 600 m。中温带半干旱大陆性季风气候, 春秋季干旱多风, 夏季雨量较充沛, 冬季干燥寒冷。多年平均降水量为279.4 mm, 主要集中在7、8月, 多年平均蒸发量为2 305 mm, 年均气温2.5 ℃, 年均日照时数3 100~3 300 h, 无霜期约83 d, 年均风速4.5 m· s^-1, 冬春季以北风和西北风为主, 年大风日数为63 d, 沙尘暴日数20~25 d。地带性土壤为栗钙土, 质地粗糙, 土层厚度一般30 cm, 其下的钙积层一般厚30~50 cm。地带性植被建群种植物为克氏针茅, 伴生冷蒿(Aritimisia frigida)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)、银灰旋花(Convolvulus ammannii)、狭叶锦鸡儿(Caragana stenophylla)等多年生旱生草本和小灌木。

1.2 研究方法

1.2.1 样地设置样地设立在位于希拉穆仁草原腹地的水利部牧区水利科学研究所综合试验基地(面积133 hm², 以下简称基地)。2009年春季在基地内选取一处典型坡面(克氏针茅群落伴生羊草、冰草、糙隐子草、银灰旋花等, 坡度3° , 坡向东西), 采用铁丝网围封实现完全禁牧。在坡中部选择3个典型样点(3次重复), 3个样点成三角形排列, 各相距20 m, 代表坡面。在坡底的平地[克氏针茅群落伴生羊草、二裂委陵菜(Potentilla bifurca)、马蔺(Iris lactea)等, 东西宽约700 m, 南北长约3 km]选择3个典型样点(3次重复), 3个样点呈三角形排列, 各相距20 m, 代表坡底。

1.2.2 观测方法土壤水分观测:2009年5月下旬, 在坡中部和坡底平地分别利用AZ-DT自动水分监测仪(DT80数据采集器、9个经过烘干校正过的FDR针式传感器)观测土壤体积含水量。每台AZ-DT自动水分监测仪观测3个样点, 每个样点分别在土壤10、20和30 cm深度处布设传感器。

土壤性质调查:坡面和坡底均为弱石质沙质壤土, 坡面根层土壤有机质含量1.5%~2.5%, 坡底2.2%~4%, 坡底明显高于坡面; 坡面根层土壤pH值平均为7.8, 坡底为8.3; 坡面根层土壤含盐量平均为0.09%, 坡底为0.14%, 坡底比坡面高55.6%, 坡底土壤轻度盐碱化。

降水量观测:2009年5月下旬, 在坡中部样点与坡底样点的中间布设一台小型自动气象站用于观测降水量。

植被调查:每年8月中旬分别在每个样点设置1 m× 1 m样方3个, 记录样方盖度和高度, 将所有植物齐地面剪掉, 带回实验室80 ℃烘干称重。

根据以往观测, 该地区坡面和坡底的根层土壤田间持水量一般为25%~28%。

1.2.3 计算与统计分析方法

土壤平均含水量( $\begin{matrix} \bar{w} \end{matrix}$ )= $\begin{matrix} \frac{\sum w_{i} / 3}{n} \end{matrix}$ ;

土壤日均含水量(W)= $\begin{matrix} \frac{\overset{24}{\sum_{t = 1}} {\bar{w}}_{t}}{24} \end{matrix}$ .

式中:w_i表示第i层的土壤水分, 3表示3个观测样点, n为时段内土壤含水量数据组的数量; $\begin{matrix} {\bar{w}}_{t} \end{matrix}$ 表示第t时的土壤含水量, t=1, 2, …, 24, 表示一天中的24 h。

统计分析方法:采用Excel和SPSS 15.0进行数据整理、制图和回归分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同区域根层土壤水分年际变化

希拉穆仁草原0-30 cm根层土壤于每年4月中下旬开始解冻, 植物返青, 10月底完全封冻, 植物枯萎。表1列出了研究区2009年至2014年4月-10月坡面和坡底根层土壤水分含量及降水量情况, 发现2009年为干旱年, 2012年为湿润年, 其余年份均为中等年, 研究期内水文代表性较好。坡面根层土壤水分平均含量2009年最低, 2012年最高; 坡底有所不同, 表现为2009年最低, 2013年最高。每年的4-10月内, 坡底根层土壤水分平均含量高于坡面8%~72%(表1)。坡面土壤水分与4-10月降水量的回归方程为y=0.021x+5.6, r=0.93> r₀_._{01, 4}0.917, F=25.155> F₀_._{01(1, 4)}21.2, 极显著相关, 回归效果好。坡底土壤水分与4-10月降水量的回归方程为y=0.042x+4.568, r=0.694< r₀_._{05, 4}0.811, F=3.721< F₀_._{05(1, 4)}7.709, 相关不显著, 回归效果差。这表明在4-10月内, 坡面土壤水分主要来源于降水, 而坡底土壤水分除了降水以外还有其它来源。

表1 2009-2014年(0-30 cm)根层土壤水分平均含量及降水量 Table 1 Root zone mean soil moisture(0-30 cm) and rainfall in 2009-2014

2.2 不同区域根层土壤水分季节变化

各年降水月分配均呈“ 单峰” 曲线, 春秋季较少, 夏季偏多。2009为干旱年, 最大月降水量为8月(46.8 mm), 2010和2011年为中等年, 最大月降水量分别为8月(60.1 mm)和7月(55.8 mm), 2012年为湿润年, 最大月降水量为6月(100.8 mm), 2013和2014年为中等年, 最大月降水量均出现在7月, 分别为85.3和64 mm(图1)。相比而言, 干旱年最大月降水量较少且时间较晚, 湿润年最大月降水量较大且时间较早, 中等年集中于7-8月间。

各年不同区域根层土壤含水量月变化有所不同(图1)。2009年为干旱年, 坡面与坡底均呈平缓“ 单峰” 曲线, 最大值均出现在8月, 分别为9.5%和10.4%, 最小值分别为10月(7.9%)和6月(8.1%), 均处于较低水平。2010和2011年为中等年, 坡面呈“ 双峰” 型曲线, 4月和10月出现两次峰值, 2010年的分别为12%和16.2%、2011年的分别为14.3%和11.3%; 坡底2010年呈逐渐上升曲线, 由4月的8.5%逐渐增加至10月的16.6%, 坡底2011年呈“ 双峰” 曲线, 分别为6月(16.2%)和9月(19.9%)。2012年为湿润年, 坡面与坡底均呈“ 双峰” 曲线, 4月和8月出现两次峰值, 坡面的分别为12.9%和19.3%、坡底的分别为17.8%和26.4%。2013年为中等年, 坡面与坡底均呈“ 双峰” 曲线, 坡面峰值分别为4月(14.3%)和7月(13.8%), 坡底峰值分别为4月(21.8%)和8月(30%)。2014年为中等年, 坡面与坡底均为“ 双峰” 曲线, 坡面峰值分别为8月(14.9%)和10月(16.1%), 坡底峰值分别为4月(20.1%)和8月(25.8%)。

总体看来, 坡面和坡底土壤含水量的月变化均为干旱年“ 单峰” 曲线、湿润年“ 双峰” 曲线。在中等年, 坡面和坡底的土壤水分月变化特征较为复杂, 这可能与降水格局有关。

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	图1 2009-2014年坡面和坡底根层土壤水分月平均含量及月降水量Fig.1 Root zone month mean soil moisture andmonth rainfall in 2009-2014

2.3 不同区域根层土壤水分垂直变化

坡面和坡底不同深度土壤水分平均含量均为表层10 cm最高, 其次为中层20 cm, 底层30 cm最低(表2)。这说明, 来自地下水补给的土壤水分来源微乎其微。坡面与坡底相比, 各深度土壤含水量除2009年20和30 cm以及2010年20 cm略高以外, 其余年份均不同程度低于坡底(表2)。这表明, 坡底土壤水分除了降水以外还有非地下水形式的其它来源。

表2 2009年-2014年不同深度根层土壤水分平均含量(%) Table 2 Root zone mean soil moisture(%) in 2009-2014

各年份坡面和坡底土壤10 cm含水量通常在日降水量> 10 mm后(中雨)明显升高, 变化幅度一般在20%以上, 与此同时, 20 cm土壤含水量也会略有升高, 变化幅度一般在5%左右, 30 cm土壤含水量几乎不变。当日降水量> 20 mm后, 坡面和坡底各深度土壤含水量均会明显升高, 如2013年7月22日下午突降暴雨, 12 h降水量45.3 mm, 傍晚发生洪水, 导致7月23日坡面平均土壤体积含水量达到26%, 坡底接近40%(图2)。坡面各深度土壤水分与4―10月降水量的回归方程分别为:y_{10 cm}=0.023x+8.273, r=0.92> r₀_._{01, 4}0.917, F=21.126> F₀_._{05(1, 4)}7.709; y_{20 cm}=0.018x+5.449, r=0.918> r₀_._{01, 4}0.917, F=22.385> F₀_._{01(1, 4)}21.2; y_{30 cm}=0.02x+3.888, r=0.919> r₀_._{01, 4}0.917, F=19.669> F₀_._{05(1, 4)}7.709, 相关极显著, 回归效果好。坡底各深度土壤水分与4―10月降水量的回归方程为:y_{10 cm}=0.046x+9.241, r=0.697< r₀_._{05, 4}0.811, F=3.781< F₀_._{05(1, 4)}7.709; y_{20 cm}=0.041x+2.644, r=0.678< r₀_._{05, 4}0.811, F=3.41< F₀_._{05(1, 4)}7.709; y_{30 cm}=0.036x+2.401, r=0.635< r₀_._{05, 4}0.81, F=2.709< F₀_._{05(1, 4)}7.709, 相关不显著, 回归效果差。这表明, 在4―10月内, 坡面各深度的土壤水分均来源于降水, 坡底的额外水分来源也可以补充至各深度的土壤水分。

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	图2 2009-2014年根层土壤水分日均含量及日降水量Fig.2 Root zone daily mean soil moisture content and daily precipitation in 2009-2014

2.4 不同区域土壤水分差异对植被的影响

坡面与坡底在植被物种组成、高度、盖度和生物量方面存在明显差异(表3)。坡面植被以典型的旱生草本植物为主, 坡底除建群种植物克氏针茅和羊草外, 还分布有耐盐碱植物二裂委陵菜和马蔺等, 反映了坡底土壤的盐碱化倾向。坡面每年的植物高度、盖度和生物量变化很大, 这主要是受降水量年际变化的影响; 坡底每年变化很小, 其中植被盖度维持60%左右的较高水平, 但由于植株普遍低矮、细弱, 造成生物量并不高。坡面植被数量特征与4―10月降水量的回归方程分别为:y_高度=0.145x+12.418, r=0.916> r₀_._{05, 4}0.811, F=20.783> F₀_._{05(1, 4)}7.709; y_盖度=0.002x+0.088, r=0.908> R₀_._{05, 4}0.811, F=17.716> F₀_._{05(1, 4)}7.709; y生物量=1.507x+219.16, r=0.925> r₀_._{01, 4}0.917, F=23.855> F₀_._{01(1, 4)}21.2, 显著或极显著相关, 回归效果好。坡底植被数量特征与4―10月降水量的回归方程为:y_高度=0.015x+33.617, r=0.378< r₀_._{05, 4}0.811, F=0.666< F₀_._{05(1, 4)7}_.₇₀₉; y_盖度=0.000 2x+0.576, r=0.475< R₀_._{05, 4}0.811, F=1.166< F₀_._{05(1, 4)}7.709; y_生物量=-0.067x+137.71, r=0.287< r₀_._{05, 4}0.811, F=0.36< F0.05(1, 4)7.709, 相关性不显著, 回归效果差。这表明, 在4―10月内, 降水对坡面植被生长影响很大, 对坡底植被生长影响很小。

表3 2009-2014年坡面与坡底植被数据特征 Table 3 Quantitative characteristics of plots in 2009-2014

3 讨论

在生长季, 坡面根层土壤水分与降水量呈明显正相关关系, 并且表层10 cm土壤水分高于20和30 cm土层处, 说明降水是研究区坡面草地根层土壤水分的主要来源, 而非来源于地下水, 这与其他研究者结论一致^{[2, 3, 15, 16, 17]}。坡底根层土壤水分每年均高于坡面, 并且与降水量相关不显著, 并且表层10 cm土壤水分高于20和30 cm说明也不是来源于地下水, 其原因主要是在强降雨时坡面发生地表径流, 汇流至坡底形成洪水, 给坡底土壤提供了额外的水分补充, 这证明了地形通过影响地表径流导致水分再分配, 从而影响不同地形条件下的土壤水分^{[6, 18]}。另外, 土壤性质如质地、盐碱化及有机质含量等也是影响土壤水分的重要因素^[19], 坡面与坡底根层土壤虽然均为弱石质沙质壤土, 但坡底由于有机质含量及盐碱程度高于坡面, 使坡底根层土壤的持水性较高于坡面。综上, 坡面无额外水源补充, 其土壤水分完全依靠降水, 由于研究区气候干旱, 降水稀少, 导致坡面根层土壤水分经常处于体积含水量15%以下的较低水平, 低于其土壤田间持水量的60%; 而坡底在洪水过后, 局部形成积水, 特别是每年夏季降雨较多时, 坡底积水时间经常达半月以上, 土壤水分经常处于过饱和状态, 加之坡底土壤持水性强于坡面土壤。因此, 坡底根层土壤水分高于坡面。

降水季节分配是土壤水分季节波动的主要影响因素^{[20, 21]}。虽然研究区各年份降水月变化均呈“ 单峰” 曲线, 但各年的“ 峰值” 及其出现时间有所不同, 如在干旱年2009年, 最大月降水量出现在8月(46.8 mm), 在湿润年2012年, 最大月降水量出现在6月(100.8 mm), 两个年份的“ 峰值” 相差两倍以上, 在中等年, 最大月降水量集中于7―8月(55~85 mm)。然而, 坡面和坡底土壤水分月变化与降水月变化各年份并不完全保持一致。这主要是受每年降水格局、洪水发生时间及土壤前期含水量差异的影响, 该方面还需进一步深入研究。

研究表明, 植物生长与土壤水分呈明显正相关关系^{[22, 23, 24]}, 本研究在坡面证实了这一点。但坡底有所不同, 这主要是因为坡底由于洪水及长时间积水造成土壤通气状况较差, 影响植物生长, 造成植株低矮、细弱, 但这反而使得每种植物的株丛数较多, 导致生物量并不高但植被盖度较高。

研究区每年4月虽然降水稀少, 但此时的坡面和坡底均维持较高的土壤含水量, 并且波动剧烈, 这主要与冻融作用导致的土壤水分运动和积雪融化有关^{[25, 26]}。此时正值牧草返青期, 这有利于牧草返青期的土壤水分供应。

4 结论

坡面与坡底的根层土壤水分在对降水的响应、年际和季节变化特征、垂直分布规律及对植被的影响等方面存在差异。降水是坡面根层土壤水分在生长季内的唯一来源, 由于希拉穆仁草地区气候干旱, 降水稀少, 导致土壤水分经常处于15%以下的较低水平。坡面植被群落高度、盖度和生物量等数量特征与生长季降水量呈明显正相关关系。坡底土壤水分在生长季内除降水以外还有径流来源, 径流形成地面积水, 使坡底土壤水分较高甚至经常处于过饱和状态。由于土壤通气不良并且盐碱化, 使植物生长受到限制, 植株低矮、细弱, 生物量并不高但株丛数较多。降水对坡底植被生长的影响很小。由于冻融作用和积雪融化的影响, 每年4月坡面和坡底土壤水分均较高, 且波动剧烈, 这有利于牧草返青期的土壤水分供应。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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2013

0.0

... 土壤水分是水循环中的重要部分,多数生态环境问题都是由于土壤水分问题而导致^[1] ...

2015

0.0

张桂珍, 高凯, 张丽娟. 扎鲁特旗山地草地土壤含水量动态与气候因子的关系. 草业科学, 2015, 32(9): 1399-1404.

Zhang G

, Gao

, Zhang L

Dynamic change of soil moisture and their relationship with climatic factors in the Jarud Banner of Inner Mongolia.

Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(9): 1399-1404. (in Chinese)

In order to reveal the dynamic change of grassland soil moisture and the effects of climate changes, the inter annual variations of soil moisture and the relationships between soil moisture and climatic factors were analyzed using historical climate date and soil moisture from 1983 to 2012 in the Jarud Banner of Inner Mongolia. The results showed the soil moisture in all the soil layers including 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 and 0-50 cm gradually decreased from 1983 to 2012 which suggested that grassland become more and more drought. The decrease of soil moisture included 3 stages. The first stage was from 1983 to 1987 when the soil moisture ranged from 15% to 30% which was the higher moisture stage. The second stage was from 1988 to 1999 when the soil moisture ranged from 5% to 15% which was transition stage from higher moisture to lower moisture stage. The third stage was from 2000 to 2012 when the soil moisture ranged from 2% to 10% which was the lower moisture stage. There was negative relationship between temperature, sunshine hours and soil moisture and positive relationship between precipitation, relative humidity, evapotranspiration and soil moisture.

1.Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, China；2.Tong Liao Zhalute Meteorological Bureau, Tongliao 029123, China

通过对内蒙古通辽市扎鲁特旗巴雅尔吐胡硕牧业气象站1983-2012年气象数据和山地草地土壤含水量数据分析，揭示土壤含水量的动态变化及其与气候因子之间的相关关系。结果表明,1983-2012年山地草地土壤各层（0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40、40-50和0-50 cm）含水量均呈现逐渐降低的变化趋势，草地逐渐旱化；土壤含水量下降过程可以分为3个阶段, 第1阶段为1983-1987年，该阶段土壤含水量在15%~30%之间波动，属于土壤含水量的较高阶段；第2阶段为1988-1999年，该阶段土壤含水量在5%~15%范围内波动，属于土壤含水量高（15%~30%）向低（2%~10%）过渡阶段；第3阶段是2000-2012年，该阶段土壤含水量在2%~10%范围内波动，属于土壤含水量较低阶段；土壤含水量与温度和日照时数呈负相关，与降水量、相对湿度、蒸散量呈正相关。

... 国内外众多研究表明,干旱半干旱区土壤水分季节动态与降水的季节性变化基本一致^[2,3],降水格局及土壤有效储水量的时空特征决定了植物水分利用策略,从而影响着整个生态系统的结构和功能,对植被的稳定生长与恢复重建具有极大的限制性^[4,5] ...

... 3 讨论在生长季,坡面根层土壤水分与降水量呈明显正相关关系,并且表层10 cm土壤水分高于20和30 cm土层处,说明降水是研究区坡面草地根层土壤水分的主要来源,而非来源于地下水,这与其他研究者结论一致^{[2,3,15,16,17]} ...

2012

0.0

朱雅娟, 吴波, 卢琦. 干旱区对降水变化响应的研究进展. 林业科学研究, 2012, 25(1): 100-106.

Zhu Y

, Wu

, Lu

Progress in the study on response of arid zone to precipitation change.

Forest Research, 2012, 25(1): 100-106. (in Chinese)

The pattern of precipitation, including precipitation amount, frequency and intensity, may change in the future according to the prediction of climate change. In arid zones, the soil dynamics, plant growth and vegetation change, desertification and hydrology might be affected by precipitation change. In general, the precipitation in extreme arid zone and arid zone showed an increase tendency whereas the precipitation in some area in semi-arid zone and sub-humid arid zone showed a decrease tendency. The increase of precipitation could enhance the growth of biological soil crust, improve soil water status, promote plant growth, increase vegetation coverage, facilitate the change from desert vegetation to grassland vegetation, and it is benefit to the reversion of land desertification. In addition, the increase of precipitation could also increase the river runoff, lake storage and promote the occurrence of flood, while the decrease of precipitation has the adverse effect. These studies will benefit the prediction of the possible response of ecosystem processes to the potential change of precipitation pattern in arid zones in the future, and it is important to the conservation of natural vegetation and the control of desertification. More field experiments and studies should be conducted in the future, including the effect of increased precipitation or temperature, nitrogen deposition and CO 2 on soil, vegetation, desertification and hydrology of arid zones, so as the more persuasive results could be obtained from these experiments and studies.

水分是干旱区的主要限制因子之一,降水是干旱区最重要的水分来源。根据气候变化研究的预测,未来我国干旱区的降水格局会改变,包括降水量、降水频率和降水强度等。降水变化会影响干旱区的土壤变化,植被变化,土地荒漠化和水文变化等方面。我国极端干旱区和干旱区的降水有总体增加趋势,而部分半干旱区和亚湿润干旱区的降水则出现减少趋势。降水的增加能够促进生物土壤结皮的发育,改善土壤水分状况,促进植物生长,提高植被盖度,促使荒漠植被向草原植被方向发展,有利于土地荒漠化的逆转;另外,降水增加会增加河流的径流量和湖泊水量,促进洪水的发生,降水减少则具有相反的效应。这些研究有助于人们预测干旱区在未来降水格局改变之后可能发生的变化,对于天然植被保育以及荒漠化防治等实践工作等具有重要的理论指导意义。未来的研究需要加强实验,如增雨、升温、模拟氮沉降和CO 2 浓度增加等对干旱区的土壤、植被、荒漠化和水文等方面的影响,才能获得更有说服力的结果。

2013

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李兴华, 陈素华, 韩芳. 干旱对内蒙古草地牧草返青期的影响. 草业科学, 2013, 30(3): 452-456.

Li X

, Chen S

, Han

Effect of drought on grassland turning green period in Inner Mongolia.

Pratacultural Science, 2013, 30(3): 452-456. (in Chinese)

Taking the relationship between April precipitation and grass turning green time into consideration, direct loss assessment caused by the drought on the grass turning green was studied. The results showed that grass turning green and April precipitation were negatively correlated, and the correlation coefficient was -0.185. If April precipitation reduced by 30% to 50%, grass turning green time will be delayed 5 to 15 days in the desert steppe. When April precipitation reduced over 50%, grass turning green time will be delayed 10 days in the typical steppe and meadow steppe. Correspondence of drought grade and cost of the loss between the feeding and drinking water was established, along with the fulfillment of quantitative assessment of direct economic losses of drought on the grass turning green. The assessment model is in line with the regularity of grass pasture growth and livestock production characteristics, a case assessment may reflect livestock actual loss extent. This model is able to apply on assessing influence of drought on the grassland animal husbandry service.

利用4月份降水量与牧草返青期的关系分析干旱对牧草返青期的影响。研究表明，内蒙古草地牧草返青期与4月份降水量呈显著负相关；在荒漠草原，当4月份降水量减少30%～50%时，牧草返青期将推迟5～15 d；在典型草原和草甸草原，当4月份降水量减少50%以上时，牧草返青期才受降水偏少的影响，推迟10 d左右。建立了干旱等级与补饲、人畜饮水成本损失的对应关系，实现了干旱对草地返青期直接经济损失的定量评估，评估模型符合草地牧草生长规律和畜牧业生产特征，实例评估符合畜牧业实际损失程度，因此，能够在干旱对草地畜牧业影响评估服务中推广应用。

2015

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2015

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张宝军, 熊东红, 郭敏, 董一帆, 苏正安, 杨丹, 史亮涛. 干热河谷冲沟侵蚀劣地不同坡位草被生长和土壤水分关系的研究. 草业科学, 2015, 32(5): 686-693.

Zhang B

, Xiong D

, Guo

, Dong Y

, Su Z

, Yang

, Shi L

The correlation between soil moisture and grass growth in different slope positions of gully badland s in Dry-hot Valley.

Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(5): 686-693. (in Chinese)

Badlands are extremely developed due to gully erosion in Yuanmou dryhot valley of Jinsha River. Grass growth characteristics and soil moisture conditions in different slope positions of gully badlands were surveyed and analyzed. The results showed that there were significant differences (P

1.Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Surface Processes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China;2.Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China;3.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;4.Institute of Tropical Ecoagricultural Sciences, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmou 651300, China

金沙江干热河谷区冲沟侵蚀极为发育，形成大量侵蚀劣地，对该区域侵蚀劣地不同坡位草被生长特征和土壤水分状况进行了调查分析。结果表明,1）侵蚀劣地不同坡位草被生长差异较大，草被盖度和地上生物量大小均表现为：坡上部＜坡中部＜坡下部，且坡下部与坡上部和坡中部之间草被生长状况存在极显著差异（P＜0.01）；2）同等降雨状况下，不同坡位土壤水分含量随时间延长均呈现指数递减趋势，但其衰减速率不同，导致土壤水分含量存在差异，衰减速率表现为：坡上部＞坡中部＞坡下部，土壤水分含量表现为相反顺序；3）监测时段内土壤水分（土壤平均含水量和末次土壤含水量）与草被覆盖度和生物量之间均呈现极显著正相关关系（P＜0.01），说明侵蚀劣地不同坡位下土壤水分差异是决定草被生长差异的关键因素。

... 同时,许多研究也显示,小流域尺度下的地形地貌以及土地利用方式的差异造成了土壤水分的规律性变化,间接影响植被的时空分布格局,并在一定程度上影响小气候的变化^[6,7] ...

... 坡底根层土壤水分每年均高于坡面,并且与降水量相关不显著,并且表层10 cm土壤水分高于20和30 cm说明也不是来源于地下水,其原因主要是在强降雨时坡面发生地表径流,汇流至坡底形成洪水,给坡底土壤提供了额外的水分补充,这证明了地形通过影响地表径流导致水分再分配,从而影响不同地形条件下的土壤水分^[6,18] ...

2013

0.0

苏子龙, 张光辉, 于艳. 东北典型黑土区不同土地利用方式土壤水分动态变化特征. 地理科学, 2013, 33(9): 1104-1110.

Su Z

, Zhang G

, Yu

Soil moisture characteristic of different land use types in the typical Black Soil Region of Northeast China.

Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2013, 33(9): 1104-1110. (in Chinese)

Soil moisture is an important impact factor of agricultural production and regional ecosystem. The No. 2 small watershed in Heshan farm of Heilongjiang Province was selected as the study area, the characteristics of the dynamic of soil moisture and soil water profile in different land use types were analyzed in this article. The results showed that: the soil moisture of embankment was the maximal, and the woodland's was the least. The variation trends of soil moisture content of different land use types were as same as the variation trend of precipitation in the observation period, and they showed a reduced trend, but there were some differences between the soil moisture variation curves of different land use types, the soil moisture cures could be divided into three types: two peaks and three troughs type (wheat field, soybean field, woodland and field road),two peaks and two troughs type (embankment), two peaks and one trough type (grassland). The soil moisture variation in the observation period was divided into relatively stable period, consumption period, and supply period. The influence of land use type on the water content of soil profile increased with soil depth, and the soil moisture of different land use types showed different variation trends with soil depth. Among them, because of the presence of plow pan, the soil moisture of wheat field and soybean field increased first and then decreased; the soil moisture of woodland decreased gradually with the soil depth; the soil moisture of grassland and field road for the difference soil property reason presented the trend of increased first and then decreased, but the max soil moistures of these two land types appeared in different depth; because of the soil property did not change with soil depth, the soil moisture of embankment increased gradually with the soil depth. In addition, there is also a seasonal diversity in the water content change of soil profile in every land use type. The water content variation of soil profile in wheat field appeared an obvious seasonal diversity, but with the increase of soil depth the diversity decreased; the seasonal change of soil moisture in soybean mainly in the depth of 0-70 cm, and the seasonal change was not obvious under the depth of 70 cm; the seasonal diversity of soil moisture change in each section of soil profile in woodland is the largest; the top layer and the layer in the depth of 70-80 cm which was composed by peat were the layers that seasonal diversity of soil moisture in grassland mainly happened, and the diversities of other layers were small; because of there were not any plants on the field road, and the soil moisture variation subjected only to the influences of rainfall and evaporation, the seasonal diversity of soil moisture in field road mainly appeared in the top layer of soil, but the diversity in deeper layer were not obvious; the seasonal diversity of soil moisture in embankment was as same as field road, but the reasons that leaded this phenomenon were that the soil property were all the same from top to bottom, and the soil moisture of top layer was effected by the plants, precipitation and evaporation. Besides the land use types, slope position and direction, soil texture, topography are all the important influence factors for the dynamic changes of soil moisture, further studies are needed to determine the interaction of these factors above and the main control factors.

1. School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; 2. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China

土壤水分是农业生产和区域生态系统的重要影响因子。以黑龙江省鹤山农场2 号小流域为研究区域,系统研究不同土地利用方式土壤水分的动态变化过程和剖面变化特征。结果发现:不同土地利用方式土壤含水量随观察期内降雨量时间分布波动,并且总体呈降低趋势,但各变化曲线有所差异。观测时段内土壤水分变化分为相对稳定期、消耗期和补给期;土地利用方式对土壤剖面含水量的影响随土层的加深而增大,各土地利用方式的土壤含水量随土层的加深也呈现出不同的变化趋势,并且其土壤剖面含水量变化均存在季节差异。

2014

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... 近年来,我国大力发展以植被建造为主的生态环境建设,土壤水分植被承载力问题也愈加受到重视,因为这不仅是生态环境建设的核心问题,也是区域生态承载力研究的重要内容^[8,9] ...

2012

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王延平, 邵明安. 陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区人工草地的土壤水分植被承载力. 农业工程学报, 2012, 28(18): 134-141.

Wang Y

, Shao M

Vegetation soil water carrying capacity of artificial pasture in Loess Region in Northern Shaanxi, China.

Transanctions of the Chinese Society and Agricultural Enginerring, 2012, 28(18): 134-141. (in Chinese)

Vegetation carrying capacity of soil water is the key of the ecological environmental construction and sustainable development in the Loess Plateau. Based on local monitoring data of rainfall, runoff, soil moisture dynamics and Biomass under condition of 4 different sites in loess region of Northern Shaanxi from 2008 to 2010, relationships between natural precipitation and soil water supply, soil water supply and biomass, biomass and soil water consumption were analysed and established in this paper, and Soil Water Carrying Capacity of alfalfa had been separately calculated by FAO method and water balance method. The results showed that: in alfalfa land replenishment of soil moisture in alfalfa land and biomass showed a linear relationship; biomass and soil moisture consumption was a quadratic function. By using FAO method, it could be estimated that the maximum alfalfa yield of soil moisture can bear was 3 992.2 to 4 173.7 kg/hm2 in Northern Shaanxi's Loess Plateau; however, the biomass was estimated by water balance method was 2 600 to 3 500 kg/hm2, it was 16.07% to 33.52% less than the result estimated with FAO method. With the same aspect and position, capacity reduced while slope was increasing. With the same aspect and position, capacity downhill was larger than that uphill. With the same slope and position, capacity in southern slope was smaller than that in northern slope.

土壤水分植被承载力是黄土高原生态环境建设和可持续发展的核心。该文根据陕北黄土区4种不同立地条件下苜蓿地（Medicago sativa L.）连续3 a的降雨、径流、土壤水分动态和生物产量的小区定位观测结果,研究分析了自然降水与土壤水分补给、土壤水分补给与地上部生物量、地上部生物量与土壤水分消耗的关系；并采用FAO法和水量平衡法分别计算出了苜蓿地土壤水分的承载力。结果表明：苜蓿地土壤水分补给量与地上部生物量呈线性关系，地上部生物量与土壤水分消耗量呈二次函数关系。用FAO法估算可得陕北黄土区土壤水分可承载的苜蓿最大产量为3 992.2～4 173.7 kg/hm2；而根据水量平衡原理计算可得陕北黄土区苜蓿地可承载的地上部生物量为2 600～3 500 kg/hm2，比FAO法低16.07%～33.52%。坡向、坡位相同时,坡度增大，承载力降低；坡向、坡度相同时，下坡承载力大于上坡；坡度、坡位相同时,南坡承载力小于北坡。

2016

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... 获得准确的土壤水分数据是研究区域土壤水分植被承载力的关键问题之一,对于区域植被选择和布局具有重要的实践意义,直接关系到生态环境建设的成败^[10,11] ...

2015

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2012

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高天明, 张瑞强, 刘铁军, 郭建英. 阴山北麓浅耕翻季节对草地植被和土壤的影响. 草业科学, 2012, 29(5): 676-680.

Gao T

, Zhang R

, Liu T

, Guo J

Effect of different shallow-ploughing season on vegetation and soil of Xilamuren grassland , North Yinshan Mountains.

Pratacultural Science, 2012, 29(5): 676-680. (in Chinese)

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of spring and summer shallow tillage on grassland vegetation and soil in the Xilamuren region of North Yin Mountains to find the optimal technology for restoration of degraded grassland. This study showed the spring shallow tillage resulted in severe wind erosion and soil roughness and the summer shallow tillage did not cause wind erosion and soil roughness. The vegetation treated by the spring shallow tillage was sparse because many seedlings and rootstalk were dead or blew by wind, where annual herbs, such as Salsols collina, Corispermum declinatum, Chenopodum aristatum, Artimisia annua became dominant with cover of 30%; however, the vegetation cover treated by the summer shallow tillage was 62% because the Leymus chinensis grew rapidly after several rain and its important value was 0.7. At the end of growth season, the litters cover of grassland treated by the spring shallow tillage was below 10%, and the soil organic matter decreased by 33%; while the litters cover of grassland treated by the summer shallow tillage was 30%, and the soil organic matter increased by 8%. In spring of 2011, the recoverygreen of the spring shallow tillage was worse than that of the summer shallow tillage. This study suggested that the summer shallow tillage was better than spring shallow tillage.

为探求退化草地适宜的生态修复技术，于2010年春季和夏季在希拉穆仁草原开展了浅耕翻处理对草地植被和土壤影响作用的研究。结果表明：1）春季浅耕翻造成了严重的风蚀和土壤粗质化；夏季浅耕翻不会引起风蚀和土壤粗质化。2）春季浅耕翻样地植被稀疏，许多根茎和幼苗干枯死亡或被风吹走。夏季降水增加，植被以一年生植物猪毛菜（Salsola collina）、刺藜（Chenopodium aristatum）、黄花蒿（Artemisia annua）、绳虫实（Corispermum declinatum）等为主，植被盖度30%；夏季浅耕翻样地耕翻后经过几次降水，羊草（Leymus chinensis）迅速生长，重要值高达0.7，成为绝对优势种，植被盖度62%。3）生长季末，春季浅耕翻样地枯落物很少，盖度不足10%，土壤有机质下降约1/3；夏季浅耕翻样地枯落物较多，盖度约30%，土壤有机质增加8%。4）2011年春季对两块样地返青情况的调查表明，夏季浅耕翻样地明显好于春季浅耕翻样地。综合而言，夏季浅耕翻对草地的恢复作用大于春季。

... 但由于近年来人为和自然因素的干扰,该地区草原退化严重,生态环境恶化加剧,已严重威胁到了我国的生态安全,因此急需加强草原生态保护与建设^[12,13,14] ...

2014

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2014

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2009

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魏永林, 马晓虹, 宋理明. 青海湖地区天然草地土壤水分动态变化及其对牧草生物量的影响. 草业科学, 2009, 26(5): 76-80.

Wei Y

, Ma X

, Song L

Soil moisture dynamic of natural meadow and its impacts on forage biomass in Qinghai Lake Region.

Pratacultural Science, 2009, 26(5): 76-80. (in Chinese)

The dynamic changes of soil moisture on natural grassland and the relations between forage biomass and the soil moisture in Qinghai Lake region were analyzed. Results indicated that changes of the soil humidity in the Qinghai Lake region can be divided into four periods, such as the slowly lost period in spring, the slowmoving convalescent period in the end of spring and early summer, the fastly lost period in summer and the fast increment and imbursement period in autumn. The perpendicular variety of the soil moisture differed among different years. 0-30 cm depth of soil moisture levels effected by factors such as weather and pasture growth, and the impact of wet and dry changed significantly, the changes in 30-50 cm depth of soil moisture levels were relatively stable．The forage biomass at the end of each month during the growth season (from May to September) was closely related to the soil humidity in its front period. The influence of the soil humidity in previous year on forage biomass was more obvious in the early period of forage grass growth, and it worn off gradually in late period.

分析了青海湖地区天然草地土壤水分动态变化及其牧草生物量与土壤水分的关系。结果表明:青海湖地区年内土壤水分的变化可分为春季缓慢失墒期、春末夏初墒情缓慢恢复期、夏季快速失墒期、秋季快速增墒期4个时段；不同年份土壤水分的垂直变化不同,0～30 cm土层土壤含水率受天气、牧草生长等因素影响干湿变化明显,30～50 cm土层土壤含水率的变化相对较稳定。牧草生长季（5-9月）各月末的生物量与前期土壤水分的关系密切，上一年度土壤水分对牧草生物量的影响在牧草生长前期较为明显，后期逐渐减弱。

2014

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2012

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2005

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2007

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张北赢, 徐学选, 李贵玉, 白晓华. 土壤水分基础理论及其应用研究进展. 中国水土保持科学, 2007, 5(2): 122-129.

Zhang B

, Xu X

, Li G

, Bai X

Review of the research on the basic theoretics and its application of soil water.

Sciense of Soil and Water Conservation, 2007, 5(2): 122-129. (in Chinese)

Soil water is of great significance in the formation,transformation and consumption of the water resources and has close relationship to agriculture,hydrology and environment,so that the soil water research has been drawn more and more attention and made great progress.In this paper,the progress and achievements in soil water research were reviewed,and the development of basic theory,heterogeneity and its application in this field were discussed.The concept of soil water has been developed from the view of original morphology to the present view of energy.Many new technologies have been introduced into the research of soil water,and the study methods focus on practical application.The research field of soil water has been expanded much.Status of research on soil moisture variability from different scales including slope,catchment and region also was reviewed and three main approaches to the effect of environmental factors on soil moisture are summed up.A new recognition of "soil water reservoir" is put forward and the value of research in this area is evaluated and the further research is looked ahead.

1.Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources;2.College of Resources and Environment of Northwest Sci-tech University of Agriculture and Forestry: 712100,Yangling,Shaanxi;3.Institute of Land Slide Disaster Research,Gansu province Academy of Sciences,730000,Lanzhou: China

从土壤水分基本理论和应用研究等方面回顾土壤水研究的进展及取得的成就:从最初的形态学观点到现在的能量观点;从简单研究逐步发展为一门学科,再到多学科交叉;研究方法日趋理论化同时注重与实践相结合;研究手段的多样化;研究领域的扩展等。着重从坡面、小流域和区域尺度总结了土壤水分异质性的研究现状,并归纳了环境因子对土壤水分异质性的主要影响途径。用发展的观点重新认识“土壤水库”的概念和实际作用。最后对该领域研究价值和未来发展作出评价与展望。

... 另外,土壤性质如质地、盐碱化及有机质含量等也是影响土壤水分的重要因素^[19],坡面与坡底根层土壤虽然均为弱石质沙质壤土,但坡底由于有机质含量及盐碱程度高于坡面,使坡底根层土壤的持水性较高于坡面 ...

2013

0.0

张继强, 陈文业, 赵明, 李广宇, 魏强, 康建军, 朱丽, 陈彬, 王芳. 高寒草甸次生裸地的植物群落特征及土壤水分的季节变化. 草业科学, 2013, 30(4): 495-500.

Zhang J

, Chen W

, Zhao

, Li G

, Wei

, Kang J

, Zhu

, Chen

, Wang

A study on community characteristics and soil moisture variation in alpine meadow secondary bare land .

Pratacultural Science, 2013, 30(4): 495-500. (in Chinese)

In order to restore and reconstruct the severely degraded grassland of Maqu alpine regions, the community characteristics and soil moisture variation were studied based on investigation of vegetation and soil moisture in “water erosion type” secondary bare lands of Maqu country (the first bend of the Yellow River). The results showed that the vegetation community in “water erosion type” secondary bare lands was mainly dominated by weeds and with characteristics of simple structure, single type, low coverage, sparse distribution, obscure vertical structure of community and dominant aboveground buds. The soil moisture showed a seasonal change with of change precipitation. The soil moisture in 0~20 cm and 20~40 cm soil layers was increased firstly and then decreased from May to November, and the maximum value appeared in July to August and the minimum value in May and November. These findings suggest that due to loose soil structure and low vegetation coverage, effects of water conservation on “water erosion type” secondary bare land are far less than that on the light degraded grassland.

为恢复和改造高寒地区严重退化的草地，基于对黄河首曲玛曲县“水蚀型”次生裸地植被和土壤水分的调查，研究了其植物群落特征及土壤水分的季节变化规律。结果表明，“水蚀型”次生裸地植物群落以杂草类为主，结构简单，种类单一，盖度低，分布稀疏，群落的垂直结构分层不明显，地面芽植物占优势；“水蚀型”次生裸地土壤水分随着降水变化而呈现季节性变化，5―11月0~20和20~40 cm土层土壤水分均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势，最大值出现在7―8月，最小值出现在5月和11月。“水蚀型”次生裸地由于土壤松散、植被覆盖低，其土壤保水效果远不及轻度退化草地。

... 降水季节分配是土壤水分季节波动的主要影响因素^[20,21] ...

2016

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... 降水季节分配是土壤水分季节波动的主要影响因素^[20,21] ...

2015

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... 研究表明,植物生长与土壤水分呈明显正相关关系^[22,23,24],本研究在坡面证实了这一点 ...

2013

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王文, 蒋文兰, 谢忠奎, 张德罡, 宫旭胤, 寇江涛. 黄土丘陵地区唐古特白刺根际土壤水分与根系分布研究. 草业学报, 2013, 22(1): 20-28.

Wang

, Jiang W

, Xie Z

, Zhang D

, Gong X

, Kou J

Study on soil water in rhizosphere and root system distribution of Nitraria tangutorum on Loess Plateau.

Acta Prataculturae Sinca, 2013, 22(1): 20-28. (in Chinese)

以根际土壤水分和根系分布特征为主要指标，研究了兰州北部黄土丘陵地区唐古特白刺根系分布和根际土壤水分的响应关系。结果表明，唐古特白刺根际土壤水分变化规律明显，０～４０ｃｍ土层含水量变幅较大，４０～８０ｃｍ土层含水量最高，之下随土层加深而递减，１６０～３００ｃｍ土层含水量没有明显变化。唐古特白刺平均根长１００ｃｍ，根幅３００ｃｍ。主根较粗，入土浅，根长为地上株丛高的１．３２倍，侧根发达，扩展范围较广，根幅为冠幅的３．２３倍，地上生物量为根系生物量的１．４６倍；有效根系主要分布于０～４０ｃｍ，在０～２０和２０～４０ｃｍ土层中，有效根重分别占总有效根重的５８．６９％和２２．９６％，有效根长分别占总有效根长的５９．６５％和２３．２０％，０～４０ｃｍ土层是吸收和利用水分的重要区域，该层土壤水分含量随季节呈现明显的动态变化，根系的浅层分布和分布面积扩大，对于及时有效利用季节性降水有重要意义。根系的水平分布范围是垂直分布范围的３倍，这种根系分布格局对于以自然降水为唯一水分补充方式的黄土丘陵地区，有利于对来自降水而短暂提高的土壤浅层水分的吸收。

... 研究表明,植物生长与土壤水分呈明显正相关关系^[22,23,24],本研究在坡面证实了这一点 ...

2014

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张志南, 武高林, 王冬, 邓蕾, 郝红敏, 杨政, 上官周平. 黄土高原半干旱区天然草地群落结构与土壤水分关系. 草业学报, 2014, 23(6): 313-319.

Zhang Z

, Wu G

, Wang

, Deng

, Hao H

, Yang

, Shangguan Z

Plant community structure and soil moisture in the semi-arid natural grassland of Loess Plateau.

Acta Prataculturae Sinca, 2014, 23(6): 313-319. (in Chinese)

Climate change has resulted in altered hydrothermal conditions and variation in soil moisture content which affects plant community structure and function on the Loess Plateau. The effect of soil water on the plant community in the semiarid natural grassland of the Loess Plateau was investigated using a large scale randomized design trial. Key results were: 1) Above-ground biomass and litter biomass were significantly positively correlated with soil water content. 2) Plant diversity and species richness were significantly positively correlated with soil moisture. 3) Plant functional groups were also affected by soil water content; both grass and legume species increased significantly with increase in soil water content, whereas forbs decreased significantly. It was concluded that soil moisture is one of the most important factors limiting community productivity and plant species diversity. Additionally, grass species may be able to indicate or reflect soil moisture status. Soil moisture changes may be driving plant community succession in semi-arid grassland.

1.College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; 2.Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; 3.State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China

气候变化导致水热条件发生变化,从而引起土壤含水量改变,必然影响区域植物群落结构和功能。本研究以黄土高原半干旱区天然草地群落为研究对象,在较大空间尺度上根据随机设置样地法调查区域内典型地带性草地群落,研究黄土高原半干旱区土壤含水量的变化对草地群落的影响。结果表明,1)地上生物量、凋落物质量与土壤含水量呈显著正相关;地下生物量和总生物量与土壤含水量虽正相关但不显著;2)物种多样性和物种丰富度均随着土壤含水量的增加而增加;3)植物功能群受土壤水分的影响,表现为禾本科和豆科随着土壤含水量的增加而增加,而杂类草相反。总之,在半干旱区土壤水分是限制群落生产力和物种多样性的重要因子,而禾本科和豆科作为指示物种可以反映土壤的水分状况。土壤水分的变化可能是导致半干旱区天然草地群落演替的驱动力,草地退化可能与土壤含水量的改变有关。

... 研究表明,植物生长与土壤水分呈明显正相关关系^[22,23,24],本研究在坡面证实了这一点 ...

2012

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... 研究区每年4月虽然降水稀少,但此时的坡面和坡底均维持较高的土壤含水量,并且波动剧烈,这主要与冻融作用导致的土壤水分运动和积雪融化有关^[25,26] ...

2011

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