随着人类社会经济的发展，尤其是工业革命以来，全球环境污染严重 以及环境资源短缺问题的日趋严重和明显，面对严峻的现实，可持续发展成为人类共同的选择。现行的国民经济核算体系(SNA)既没有反映自然资源对经济发展 的贡献，也没有反映人类经济活动造成的自然资源耗减、环境的破坏对经济的损失，高估了经济成就，提供虚假性的经济发展信息。 　　 从70年代开始，国际上开始了综合环境经济核算(SEEA)，从SEEA-1993、SEEA-2003到SEEA-2012不断完善，制定了国际统一的 环境经济核算标准，提出了建立试验性生态系统账户。但对生态系统账户核算仅局限于物质流量的...

Increasing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas concentration in atmosphere have resulted in global warming that threats sustainable development of human beings. International communities are taking action plans aiming to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and to stabilize carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. Forests and forestry activities play a significant role in these actions. Atmospheric carbon dioxide can be sequestered through tree growth and as a result forest ecosystems play as an important carbon pool and carbon sink in terrestrial and atmospheric carbon exchanges. Carbon sequestration by growing forests has been shown to be a cost-effective option for mitigation of global climatic change. On the other hand, deforestation, especially in the tropics, behind fossil fuel burning, was believed to be the second largest source of rising atmospheric CO 2 concentration. Therefore, such forestry activities as afforestation, reforestation, forest management, deforestation avoiding and so on are believed to be effective ways to enhance terrestrial carbon sinks and protect existing carbon pools. Wood products can also be used either directly as fuels or as substitutes for energy-consuming products (steel, cement, etc.) and at the end reduce greenhouse gas emission in energy production and industrial process. We reviewed global and China's forest ecosystems in relations to global carbon cycle, and discussed potentials of forestry activities in the mitigation of greenhouse gas emission.

大气中CO 2 等温室气体浓度上升引起的全球变暖,威胁着人类生存和社会经济的可持续发展。在减少温室气体排放、稳定大气CO 2 浓度的措施中,森林和林业活动扮演着重要的角色。森林可吸收并固定大气CO 2 ,是大气CO 2 的吸收汇和贮存库;而毁林是大气CO 2 的重要排放源。通过适当的林业活动可增强碳吸收汇、保护现有的碳贮存,通过替代措施可减少化石燃料引起的温室气体排放。因此,林业活动在未来减缓大气温室气体上升方面将发挥重要作用。阐明了全球和中国森林生态系统在减缓大气CO 2 浓度上升中的作用以及与土地利用变化和林业有关的减排增汇措施和潜力,以期对我国制定CO 2 减排增汇政策提供参考依据。

This paper estimated the carbon sink and potential of forest management activities in China using the gross-net and net-net estimation method. The results showed that if the base year is set to 1990, the carbon sink of forest management in 2010, 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2050 is 58.7, 57.8, 58.4, 62.7 and 67.2 MtC·a -1 , respectively, under the gross-net, and is 14.9, 17.5, 20.1, 26.0 and 31.7 MtC·a -1 , respectively, under the net-net. If the base year is 2000, the carbon sink of forest management in 2010, 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2050 is 73.5, 72.1, 72.8, 78.1 and 83.6 MtC·a -1 , respectively, under the gross-net, and is 2.0, 5.7, 9.3, 16.8 and 24.2 MtC·a -1 , respectively, under the net-net. The carbon sink change trend of forest management is the same under the gross-net and net-net with the same base year, and the carbon sink amount is bigger under the gross-net than that under the net-net.

利用总-净核算和净-净核算2种方式估算中国森林管理活动的碳汇量及其潜力。结果表明: 基年为1990年时,总-净核算方式下2010,2020,2030,2040和2050年中国森林管理碳汇量分别为58.7,57.8,58.4,62.7和67.2 MtC·a -1 ,净-净核算方式下分别为14.9,17.5,20.1,26.0和31.7 MtC·a -1 ; 基年为2000年时,总-净核算方式下2010,2020,2030,2040和2050年中国森林管理碳汇量分别为73.5,72.1,72.8,78.1和83.6 MtC·a -1 ,净-净核算方式下分别为2.0,5.7,9.3,16.8和24.2 MtC·a -1 ; 同一基年2种核算方式估算的森林管理碳汇量变化趋势相同,且总-净核算的碳汇量大于净-净核算的碳汇量。

Dynamic changes and sensitivity of present value for carbon-sequestrated cost were systematically analyzed and compared in a complete rotation from main plantation types in Guangxi with ecological economic principles. This study also analyzed impact of different discount rates on carbon-sequestrated cost of various plantation types, calculated the carbon cost-net income of main species plantations with timber benefits, and compared the net income with cost of plantation without timber benefits. The results showed that the present values of carbon-sequestrated cost were decreased with increasing ages of main plantations. Schima superba+Liquidambar formosana, Cunninghamia lanceolata and Eucalyptus spp. had higher present value for carbon cost than others at the end of rotation. It cost ￥171.8～283.4 per ton C for Schima superba+Liquidambar formosana , ￥178.3～271.7 for Cunninghamia lanceolata , ￥211.0～225.9 for Eucalyptus spp., ￥133.3～218.9 for Pinus massoniana, ￥133.0～205.7 for Cryptomeria fortunei+Metasequoia glyptostoboides, ￥122.0～159.1 for Casuarina equisetifolia+Sassafras tzumu, and ￥48.9～100.4 for Quercus . sp.+ Cyclobalanopsis glauca. Annual fluctuations of input costs affected the counted carbon cost in the case of Cunninghamia lanceolata. The calculated present values of cost were obviously different by using a lower discount rate from a higher discount rate at the end of rotation, and the discount rate impacted obviously Schima superba+Liquidambar formosana, however not obviously Eucalyptus spp. at the end of rotation. It was necessary to analyze carbon cost-net income in evaluating the feasibility of carbon project implementation from afforestation.

运用生态经济学原理，对广西主要人工林类型在一个完整轮伐期内的固碳成本现值动态变化及其敏感性进行系统分析和比较，并分析不同贴现率对各人工林类型固碳成本的影响，同时结合木材收益分析主要人工林类型固碳成本与净收益，并且将净收益与不考虑木材收益时的固碳成本进行比较。结果表明： 主要人工林固碳成本现值均随林龄的增加而降低； 各人工林类型在轮伐期末的固碳成本现值以木荷+枫香、杉木、桉树较大，其中，木荷+枫香每吨碳171.8～283.4元，杉木178.3～271.7元，桉树211.0～225.9元； 马尾松、柳杉+水杉、木麻黄+檫树较小，其中，马尾松每吨碳133.3～218.9元，柳杉+水杉133.0～205.7元，木麻黄+檫树122.0～159.1元； 栎类+青冈最小，每吨碳仅48.9～100.4元； 以杉木为例的各项成本的年际波动明显影响所核算的固碳成本； 采用较低贴现率与较高贴现率所计算出的各树种轮伐期末固碳成本现值相差较大，贴现率对木荷+枫香轮伐期末固碳成本影响较大，对桉树影响较小； 在评价碳汇造林项目实施的可行性方面，固碳成本-净收益分析是非常必要的。

Eucalyptus is one of three species (Eucalyptus, poplar, pine) of fast-growing trees in China. Because Eucalyptus grows rapidly, afforestation of a Eucalyptus forest can be achieved in a short period of time making the species a very popular plantation species. China highly praises the use of eucalyptus, especially in Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian and other tropical and subtropical regions. Eucalyptus plantings have a long history and feature several favorable characteristics such as being well adapted to optimum growing conditions in the provinces that led to its popularity. Guangxi is a major area of eucalyptus plantations. The eucalyptus industry has become the one of the dominant and specialized industries of the province, and serves as a source of livelihood for rural people living in Guangxi. The promotion of the industrial development of eucalyptus plantations in Guangxi in this new century not only plays an important role in the overall economic and social development of the province, but also has great significance in the promotion of the sustainable development of the national timber industry and it supports the entire scale of economic and social development. The author reviewed the history of Eucalyptus plantations in Guangxi, which began in the early 19 th century from France. In the early 19 th century, the area of Eucalyptus plantations was small and developed slowly. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, development of Eucalyptus plantations went through three stages: an initial stage (1949-1977), a promotional phase (1978-2000) and a large-scale development phase (2001-present). Currently, Eucalyptus plantations in Guangxi are widely distributed, cover a large area, exhibit high yield, are effective in providing timber and afforestation, and make great contributions to local economies; these give Eucalyptus a prominent position in forestry of the region. Eucalyptus plantations and forests in Guangxi are distributed in almost all regions with hills and mountains, or near villages and streets. In 2012, the area of Eucalyptus plantations reached 1.87 million hm 2 . Currently, Guangxi eucalyptus timber production accounts for over 70% of the region's total timber production. Eucalyptus plantations in Guangxi have sound economic, ecological, and social characteristics. The annual forest growth, annual harvest volume, and the net increase of forest volume in Guangxi all rank first in the country for Eucalyptus. Eucalyptus is the largest production base of wood in China and provides a strategic core wood supply for the national reserve base. In certain respects, Eucalyptus plantings have many positive ecological effects, such as carbon sequestration and oxygen release providing for e.g. a cleaner environment, forest protection, and climate regulation. The ecological benefits of planting Eucalyptus are significant. In other respects, the massive planting of Eucalyptus in Guangxi inevitably brings negative impacts on the environment. Large-scale cultivation of Eucalyptus plantations in Guangxi cause several problems that need to be studied if solutions are to be found, including problems related to water and fertilizer consumption, toxic effects to livestock, as well as desertification, land degradation and disasters related to Eucalyptus plantations. Eucalyptus plantations have created an important industry that is characteristic of Guangxi, and currently provide a source of livelihood for local people. China needs to vigorously develop this industry to provide a source of livelihood for local people by implementing a western-style developmental strategy, and by promoting comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable economic and social development in Guangxi and other western provinces and autonomous regions. In this sense, the prospects for the development of the Eucalyptus industry are very broad. To enable rapid development of the Eucalyptus industry in the new century, we should follow three principles, the principles of enabling sustainable development, adapting to local conditions and developing the process gradually. We need to employ the following six specific measures: scientific planning, rational distribution on the landscape, optimization of the structure of plantations, using reasonable planning methods for the industry, improving conditions for local people, and including the development of technology.

广西是我国桉树种植的主要区域，桉树产业已成为广西的优势产业、特色产业、民生产业。新世纪推进广西桉树产业发展，不仅对广西经济社会的全面发展具有重要作用，而且对促进全国桉树产业及整个经济社会的可持续发展具有重要意义。通过调查研究回顾了广西桉树种植的历史，认为19世纪初广西即开始从法国引种桉树，但面积小、发展慢。新中国成立后，广西桉树种植经历了3个发展阶段，即：起步阶段（1949-1977年）、推广阶段（1978-2000年）和大发展阶段（2001年至今）。当前，广西桉树种植的现状是：分布广、产量高、效益好、贡献巨大、地位突出。但广西大面积种植桉树人工林，也面临着耗水、耗肥、“有毒”、“沙漠”、“退化”、灾害六个突出问题亟待研究解决。为使新世纪广西桉树产业的又好又快发展，应遵循3大原则：可持续发展原则、因地制宜原则和循序渐进原则，同时，应采取以下6项具体措施：一是科学规划；二是合理布局；三是优化结构；四是产业带动；五是改善条件；六是发展科技。

研究了不同连栽代次桉树人工林 土壤物理性质、化学性质及植物多样性的变化,同时利用灰色关联度法分析植物多样性与土壤理化性质间的相关性。结果表明:随着桉树人工林连栽代次的增加,林 地土壤的理化性质和林下植物的植物多样性呈下降趋势,二者之间存在一定的关联性。灰色关联度分析显示,在土壤物理性质方面,Shan-non- Wiener多样性指数、物种丰富度与土壤总孔隙度的关联性最大,关联系数分别为0.860 8,0.764 2,与毛管孔隙度关联性次之,关联系数为分别为0.860 2,0.761 2;均匀度指数与土壤持水量的关联最大,关联系数为0.880 4,与总孔隙度关联性次之,关联系数为0.787 2;这3项多样性指数均与土壤容重的关联性最小,关联系数分别为0.507 9,0.531 0,0.492 0。在土壤化学性质方面,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、物种丰富度、均匀度指数均与土壤大量元素(全N、全P、全K及水解N、速效P和速效 K)的关联最大,关联系数分别在0.746 9~0.832 6,0.704 0~0.709 0,0.669 2~0.762 5之间,与有机质和pH值的关联性次之,关联系数在0.558 5~0.711 7之间,而与交换性Ca、交换性Mg的关联最小,关联系数在0.490 3~0.610 4之间。可见,增加林下植被的植物多样性,有利于保持良好的土壤通气透水性和提高土壤N、P、K养分含量。在多代连栽桉树人工林林地抚育过程中应尽量减少 对林下植被的破坏,以改善土壤环境、维持较高的林分生产力和生态稳定性。

This paper studied the effects of different fertilizer models on simulation for the"3414" fertilizer experiments, which were conducted from 1995 to 1998 in Tangshan City in Hebei Province, sponsored by UNDP (United Nations Development Program) The results showed that,the success ratio of simulation by threefactor and onefactor model was 56% and 100%, respectively; the recommended fertilizer amount by threefactor model simulation was higher than that by onefactor model simulation in the same '3414' experiment; and the ratio of the experiments without N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O recommended by onefactor model simulation was 15%, 44% and 67% , respectively But by the threefactor model simulation, such information was not available So, in '3414' fertilizer experiment, the onefactor model was a supplement and an optimization for the threefactor model 

以UNDP95-98年在河北唐山进行的27个"3414"冬小麦试验为例,研究了三元二次施肥模型与一元施肥模型对"3414"肥料试验结果的拟合情况。结果表明,三元二次施肥模型进行拟合试验成功率仅为56%,而采用一元施肥模型可以对全部试验进行数据处理。在同一试验中,与一元施肥模型相比,采用三元二次施肥模型计算的推荐施肥量偏高;根据一元施肥模型拟合计算分别有15%、44%、67%的点不需要施用N、P、K肥,而采用三元二次施肥模型则无法获得这一信息。因此,在"3414"试验中,一元施肥模型是三元二次施肥模型拟合的一种很好补充和优化手段。

利用ArcGIS 9.3软件,采用Kriging法完成土壤养分有机质和全钾养分的空间插值.结果表明,福建省顺昌县森林土壤的有机质和全钾含量空间上存在中等程度相关. 采用Kriging法的Stable和Spherical半变异函数模型表征有机质和全钾含量的空间变异特征效果最好.交叉验证表明:有机质和全钾的插值 结果平均误差分别为-0.09和0.00,均方根误差( RMS)分别为16.42和2.68.

The content and variation of topsoil organic matter at township or villages unit in farmland from Xinzheng City, Henan Province, China were analyzed based on the data from field test site of local Chinese Ministry of Land & Resources. The parameters were determined using the geostatistical trend analysis of ArcGIS10.0 and GS + 9.0 with cross-validation methods. The unobserved soil organic matter (SOM) data was estimated by the ordinary Kriging method. The results showed that variability of township scale (24.49%) was less than that of villages (27.71%~28.70%) and the appropriate samples number were 100 and 1 000, respectively. Straw returning had great effects on SOM among different farmland management measures. The results suggested that it was appropriate to take soil sample at township scale than villages scale and straw returning to field played an important role to improve soil organic matter in farmland.

基于国土资源部(河南新郑市)野外试验基地相关数据,运用GIS及地统计学方法,从乡镇级和行政村级两个尺度对河南典型区域——新郑市农田耕层土壤有机质空间变异特征进行研究。结果表明,新郑市乡镇尺度土壤有机质含量变异性(24.49%)低于行政村间变异性(27.71%~28.70%),其布设样点数分别以100和1 000个为宜;农田各项管理措施中秸秆还田对土壤有机质含量影响最大。从县域尺度的农田土壤有机质可靠性计量来看,乡镇级尺度采样优于行政村级尺度,秸秆还田是新郑市农田土壤有机质含量提高的关键措施之一。

Statistical analysis and Kriging interpolation method were used to analyze spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture in desert steppe of Siziwang Banner, from a variety of sampling scale. The results showed that with the increasing of sampling scales, the soil moisture spatial heterogeneity firstly increased, then slightly decreased and finally trended to be stable. The spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture in desert steppe is affected by microtopography of sampling plots and distribution of bushes. The appropriate sampling scale to study spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture in desert steppe is (4~6) m×(8~12) m.

本研究运用地统计分析和克里格插值法,以不同取样尺度对四子王旗荒漠草原进行了土壤水分的空间异质性分析。结果表明,随着取样尺度增加,土壤水分空间异质性程度先增加,后略减小并趋于平稳;荒漠草原土壤水分空间异质性受到样地微地形与灌木丛分布影响;研究荒漠草原土壤水分空间异质性取样的适宜尺度为(4～6)m×(8～12)m。