封育和添加牛粪对退化亚高山草甸土壤恢复的影响

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李永进, 代微然, 杨春勐, 任健, 毕玉芬. 封育和添加牛粪对退化亚高山草甸土壤恢复的影响. 草业科学, 2016,33(8):1486-1491
Li Yong-jin, Dai Wei-ran, Yang Chun-meng, Ren Jian, Bi Yu-fen. Effects of fencing and cattle dung addition on soil rehabilitation of degraded sub-alpine meadow. Pratacultural Science,2016,33(8): 1486-1491 复制到剪切板

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《草业科学》编辑部

封育和添加牛粪对退化亚高山草甸土壤恢复的影响

李永进^1,², 代微然¹, 杨春勐¹, 任健¹, 毕玉芬¹

1.云南农业大学草业科学系,云南昆明 650201

2.云南省草原监督管理站,云南昆明 650224

通讯作者:任健(1971-),男,四川彭山人,副教授,博士,主要从事草地生态学的研究。E-mail:[email protected]

第一作者:李永进(1985-),女,云南麻栗坡人,硕士,主要从事牧草及草坪草种质资源的研究。E-mail:[email protected]

收稿日期: 2016-04-01

基金: 自然科学基金项目(31260167); “十二五”国家科技支撑计划项目子课题(2011BAD17B02)

摘要

为了解封育和添加牛粪措施对退化草地土壤恢复的影响,本研究以滇西北部亚高山草甸为研究对象,进行了延续4年的试验。结果表明,封育、添加牛粪均显著提高了退化亚高山草甸土壤有机质含量( P<0.05),且封育下有机质含量高于添加牛粪处理;二者对土壤容重、含水量均无显著影响( P>0.05)。封育、添加牛粪对土壤氮磷钾含量的作用有所不同,封育显著提高了0-10 cm土层中全氮、全磷、速效钾的含量( P<0.05),降低了全钾的含量( P<0.05);牛粪处理则显著降低了0-10 cm土壤全氮和速效磷的含量( P<0.05),对全磷、速效钾的含量没有明显影响( P>0.05)。封育和添加牛粪措施之间存在互作效应, 共同作用时对0-10 cm的全氮、全磷、速效磷的影响最大,对0-30 cm土壤的有机质含量则存在累积效应。另外,全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷、速效钾在土壤中的分布以0-10 cm为主,在0-30 cm土层中从上往下呈递减趋势。可见,封育和添加牛粪均改善了土壤的养分状况,有利于退化亚高山草甸土壤的恢复。

关键词: 草地退化; 全氮; 全磷; 全钾; 有机质

中图分类号:S812.2 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-0629(2016)8-1486-06 doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0549

Effects of fencing and cattle dung addition on soil rehabilitation of degraded sub-alpine meadow

Li Yong-jin^1,², Dai Wei-ran¹, Yang Chun-meng¹, Ren Jian¹, Bi Yu-fen¹

1.Department of Grassland Sciences, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kuming 650201, China

2.Grassland Monitor and Management Station, Kunming 65022, China

Corresponding author: Ren Jian E-mail:[email protected]

Abstract

The degraded sub-alpine meadow in northwest Yunnan province was studied to explore the effects of fencing and cattle dung on soil rehabilitation. The four years experiment results showed that both fencing and cattle dung addition can significantly increase soil organic matter content ( P<0.05) while did not affect soil bulk density and water content. Fencing and cattle dung addition had different effects on nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K). Fencing significantly increased ( P<0.05) total N, total P and available K contents in 0-10 cm soil but significantly reduced ( P<0.05) total K content. However, cattle dung addition significantly increased ( P<0.05) total N and available P contents in 0-10 cm soil while only had little effects on total P and available K contents. In addition, there was significant interaction between fencing and cattle dung, therefore, treatments with fencing and cattle dung addition significantly affected the contents of total N, total P and available P in 0-10 cm soil. Treatments with fencing and cattle dung addition had cumulative effects on the organic matter in 0-30 cm soil. On the other hand, total N, total P, total K, and available P as well as available K concentrated in 0-10 cm soil and their content decreased with the increase of the depth in 0-30 cm soil. In conclusion, both fencing and cattle dung addition improved the soil nutrient and were benefical to rehabilitation of the degraded sub-alpine meadow.

Keyword: grassland degradation; total nitrogen; total phosphorus; total potassium; organic matter

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在滇西北部海拔2 800-4 500 m处广泛分布着亚高山草甸^[1], 它不仅是生态系统的重要组成部分, 而且是当地藏族人民发展畜牧业的重要基础^[2], 在云南草地畜牧业中占据着重要地位。长期以来, 当地藏族人民习惯在每年的4-9月将牲畜驱赶到海拔3 800-4 100 m的高山牧场放牧, 10月以后逐渐将牲畜赶回村寨附近的冬季牧场(海拔3 100-3 400 m), 通过轮牧模式避免草地的过度使用^[3]。然而, 近年来随着社会和经济等领域的迅速变迁, 当地传统的半农半牧生计方式发生了许多改变, 轮牧活动减弱, 越来越多的牲畜集中在村寨附近放养, 使得附近草地严重退化。研究表明, 草地退化会带来一系列的问题, 如土壤养分严重流失, 改变了植物种内和种间对土壤养分的竞争模式, 从而影响植物群落物种组成及群落动态, 最终导致草地生产力下降^[4]。为了恢复退化草地, 人们引入了封育、施肥及栽培牧草^[5]等改良措施。实践表明, 封育提高了草地生物量和土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮等养分含量^{[6, 7]}。另外, 氮肥、三元复合肥可以提高草地的生物量, 抑制杂草的生长^{[8, 9]}, 但在辽阔的草地上, 实现大面积的施肥有一定的局限性。相反, 草地上大量散落的家畜粪, 尤其是牛粪却没有得到应有的重视, 而牛粪含有丰富的有机质、氮、磷、钾等营养元素^[10], 其中60%以上的氮、40%~80%的磷可以返还草地^[11]。可见, 利用牛粪中的养分恢复草地生产力是一个好的举措, 遗憾的是, 长期以来, 在滇西北地区草地上的牛粪被农户搜集起来施于农作物。尽管目前国内外就施肥、围栏封育对草地的影响开展了一定的研究, 但关于添加牛粪和围栏封育对于亚高山草甸的影响还鲜见报道。为此, 本研究以滇西北的退化亚高山草甸为研究对象, 探讨封育和添加牛粪对土壤恢复的影响及二者的作用特点, 以期为退化草原的恢复和重建及藏区草地畜牧业的发展提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验区域自然概况

试验区域位于云南省迪庆州香格里拉县小中甸镇和平村(27° 20'-27° 43' N, 99° 36'-99° 59' E, 海拔3 220 m), 年平均气温5.8 ° C, 年平均降水量879.8 mm, 无霜期120 d, 是半农半牧的高寒坝区, 地势北高南低, 周围群山环绕, 属高原寒温湿润性气候, 草地类型为禾草-杂类草。实地调查中发现, 放牧区域的植物种类稀少, 裸地可见, 土壤有机质含量较低, 水土流失较严重, 固定半固定沙丘大部分被破坏, 沙斑、细沟侵蚀普遍发生; 畜蹄践踏痕迹明显, 草地上的优良牧草采食过度, 狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)、西南鸢尾(Iris bulleyana)等大量出现, 草地处于明显退化阶段。

1.2 试验材料与设计

试验包括4个处理, 即无围栏无牛粪处理(自由放牧下捡走牛粪, CK), 无围栏有牛粪的处理(简称牛粪, D), 封育但无牛粪处理(简称封育, F), 封育且添加牛粪(封育+牛粪, FD)处理, 其中无围栏无牛粪处理作为对照, 每个处理重复3次, 每个重复面积为10 m× 10 m。在样地上, 利用围栏封育, 封育期间家畜不能入内, 不进行人工割草, 围栏外农户照常放牧。试验采用风干牛粪, 施用量为0.05 kg· m^-2, 模拟天然草地上牛粪自然散落情况, 试验期间每年施牛粪一次。2009年春季开始进行试验, 2012年8月进行相关指标的测定。

1.3 测定方法

1.3.1 样品采集采集土样时, 在每个试验区内用土壤取样器按五点取样法分别在0-10、10-20、20-30 cm分层土样, 装入密封袋中, 带回实验室将植物根系和石块去除, 其中一部分自然风干, 然后过0.25 mm筛, 供营养成分分析, 取样时每个处理重复3次。

1.3.2 土壤理化性质的测定利用环刀法测定土壤容重, 烘干称重法测定含水量, 且用于测定土壤含水量的土壤是0-30 cm混合土样。土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷、速效钾含量的测定方法参考鲍士旦^[12]:有机质采用重铬酸钾容量法测定; 全氮采用半微量开式法测定; 全磷采用NaOH熔融-钼锑抗比色法测定; 全钾采用NaOH熔融法-火焰光度法测定; 速效磷采用0.05 mol· L^-1 NaHCO₃浸提-钼铁抗比色法测定; 速效钾采用NH₄OAc浸提-火焰光度法测定。

1.4 数据处理

采用SPSS for Windows 13.0对试验数据进行单因素和双因素的方差分析, 其中单因素分析利用S-N-K多重比较法分析各处理之间的差异, 双因素分析用于比较封育与牛粪的主效应及二者之间的交互作用。另外, 利用SigmaPlot 11.0作图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 牛粪化学成分分析

对试验地的牛粪进行随机取样, 样品带回实验室风干后测定相关养分, 其中全氮含量为7.25 g· kg^-1, 全磷为0.62 g· kg^-1, 全钾为0.87 g· kg^-1, 速效磷为2.34 mg· kg^-1, 速效钾为1.19 mg· kg^-1。

2.2 封育、添加牛粪对土壤容重和含水量的影响

封育和添加牛粪各处理下, 0-10、10-20和20-30 cm土壤的容重及0-30 cm土壤的含水量均差异不显著(P> 0.05)(图1), 说明封育和牛粪处理对土壤容重和含水量无明显影响。

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图1 封育、添加牛粪对土壤容重和含水量的影响
注:CK, 无围栏无牛粪处理; D, 无围栏有牛粪的处理; F, 封育但无牛粪处理; FD, 封育且添加牛粪。不同小写字母表示同一土层不同处理样地间差异显著(P< 0.05)。下同。Fig.1 Effects of fencing and cattle dung addition on soil bulk density and water content
Note: CK, control treatment without fencing and dung addition; D, dung addition treatment without fence; F, fencing treatment without dung addition; FD, fencing & dung addition treatment. Different lower case letters indicate significant difference among different treatments within the same soil layer at 0.05 level. The same as below.

2.3 封育、添加牛粪对土壤化学性质的影响

2.3.1 土壤有机质封育和牛粪均显著影响了土壤有机质含量(P< 0.05), 且二者之间存在累积效应(图2)。封育且添加牛粪处理中土壤有机质含量显著高于其它处理, 对照中有机质含量最低。

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	图2 封育、添加牛粪对土壤有机质含量的影响Fig.2 Effects of fencing and cattle dung addition on the soil organic matter content

2.3.2 全氮、全磷、全钾全氮、全磷、全钾在土壤剖面中的分布均表现为0-10> 10-20> 20-30 cm, 即0-10 cm土壤中的含量最高, 并随着土壤深度的增加含量不断减少(图3)。封育和添加牛粪对土壤全氮、全磷、全钾含量的影响有所不同。方差分析表明(表1), 封育对0-10 cm土层全氮、0-30 cm土层全磷、0-10和20-30 cm土层全钾有极显著影响(P< 0.01), 封育和牛粪互作对0-10 cm土层全氮和全钾有显著影响(P< 0.05)。封育显著提高了0-10 cm土层全氮、全磷含量(P< 0.05), 显著降低了0-10 cm土层全钾含量(P< 0.05); 相比于对照, 添加牛粪除了显著(P< 0.05)降低0-10 cm土层全氮含量、20-30 cm土层全磷含量外, 对0-30 cm土层的全氮、全磷、全钾均无显著影响(P> 0.05); 在0-10 cm土壤中, 封育+牛粪处理中全氮的含量显著高于对照(P< 0.05); 在10-20和20-30 cm土壤中, 由于封育和添加牛粪之间的累积作用, 进一步提高了全磷的含量。

表1 封育、牛粪对不同深度土壤全磷、全氮、全钾、速效磷及速效钾含量影响的双因素分析结果 Table 1 The two-way ANOVA results of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available phosphorus and available potassium content affected by fencing and cattle dung

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	图3 封育、添加牛粪对0-30 cm土壤全氮、全磷、全钾含量的影响Fig.3 Effects of fencing and cattle dung addition on the total nitrogen content, total phosphorous content and total potassium of 0-30 cm soil layer

2.4 土壤速效磷、速效钾

从速效磷、速效钾在0-10、10-20和20-30 cm土层中的分布来看, 二者主要分布在表层(0-10 cm)土壤中(图4)。方差分析表明(表1), 牛粪对10-30 cm速效磷有显著影响(P< 0.05), 封育对0-30 cm速效磷和速效钾均有极显著影响(P< 0.01), 牛粪和封育互作对0-30 cm速效磷和20-30 cm速效钾有极显著影响(P< 0.01)。

各土层中, 牛粪、封育和封育+牛粪处理的速效磷含量均显著低于对照(P< 0.05), 牛粪、封育+牛粪处理下0-10 cm速效磷的含量显著高于封育处理的(P< 0.05)(图4)。

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	图4 封育、添加牛粪对0-30 cm土壤速效磷、速效钾含量的影响Fig. 4 Effects of fencing and cattle dung addition on soil available phosphorus content, available potassium content of 0-30 cm soil layer

与不封育的草地相比, 封育后土壤速效钾的含量显著增高(P< 0.05)。与对照相比, 牛粪处理对0-30 cm速效钾的含量无显著影响(P> 0.05)。在20-30 cm土壤中, 封育和牛粪之间存在明显的互作效应(P< 0.05)。

3 讨论与结论

封育和施肥是草地退化治理中常用的措施, 本研究发现, 封育和添加牛粪对退化草地土壤的恢复既有相同之处, 也有不同的地方。就土壤含水量而言, 前人发现, 退化典型草原封育6 年后, 表层土壤的含水量增加^[13], 而本研究中土壤含水量的变化并不明显, 这可能与草地类型、当地降水量有关。本研究所处的滇西北地区, 当地年平均降水量为879.8 mm, 且集中在雨季, 这可能是导致土壤含水量变化不明显的原因。有机质是土壤重要的组成部分, 是肥力的基础。本研究中, 封育与牛粪均显著提高了有机质的含量, 这与前人的报道相一致^{[14, 15]}。据孙卫国等^[16]研究, 封育后, 没有牲畜的直接践踏, 草地植物增加, 使得土壤中的根系增多, 直接改变了土壤的透气透水性; 凋落物进入土壤后, 又改变土壤质地。因而, 有机质增加有利于改善土壤肥力状况。另外, 有机质分解后会形成大量的有机酸、酚类物质和无机酸, 这些物质能加速难溶性磷和钾转化为速效磷和速效钾, 从而改变速效磷、速效钾含量^[17]。本研究中, 有机质含量与0-10 cm全氮(Pearson相关系数r=0.924, P< 0.001)及3个土层的全磷含量呈显著的正相关关系(0-10, 10-20, 20-30 cm的相关系数r分别为0.907, 0.921, 0.720, P< 0.001), 进一步验证了上述结论。

封育下速效磷的含量低于自由放牧草地, 分析认为, 封育下植物生长得到了恢复, 加大了速效磷的吸收利用, 使其含量降低, 当然这有待于通过更长时间的封育试验来验证。与封育相比, 牛粪主要影响土壤钾的含量, 这与钾容易从牛粪中淋溶出来有关。不过, 牛粪样品中全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷、速效钾的含量与添加牛粪处理中土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷、速效钾并不完全呈线性关系, 这是因为牛粪养分的转化受多种因素的影响, 牛粪自身的分解速度通常能够决定土壤养分的作用时间。当牛粪分解速度和破碎化缓慢时, 养分被束缚在牛粪中, 使得氮素丧失和养分周转率降低, 从而有利于植物对养分的吸收和利用^[18]。基于牛粪有利于改善土壤肥力状况, 在滇西北半农半牧区农户从草地上拾捡牛粪施于农作物的习惯有必要改变, 否则大量的家畜粪便被移出草地生态系统以后, 将不利于生态系统的物质和能量循环。当然, 牛粪滞留在草地上也有不利之处, 例如牛粪沉积初期对草地植物具窒息效应, 待牛粪逐渐分解为细碎颗粒后, 不利的方面才会降低^[19]。在试验区域养殖的主要是黄牛及少量犏牛、牦牛, 产生的牛粪养分也有所不同, 牛粪对草地恢复的影响还需要进一步研究。

总之, 封育与添加牛粪措施可以通过增加土壤有机质的含量及二者的互作效应, 改善土壤中全氮、速效磷等养分状况, 加速退化滇西北亚高山草甸的恢复。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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[1]	云南植被编写组. 云南植被. 北京: 科学出版社, 1987: 595. Editorial Committee of Yunnan Vegetation. Yunnan Vegetation. Beijing: Science Press, 1987: 595. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[2]	齐扎拉. 中国藏区县域经济探索. 昆明: 云南民族出版社, 1997. [本文引用:1]
[3]	包维楷, 吴宁. 滇西北德钦县高山亚高山草甸的人为干扰状况及其后果. 中国草地, 2003, 25(2): 1-8. Bao W K, Wu N. Human-induced disturbance on alpine and sub-alpine meadow and its aftereffects in Deqin County of the northwestern Yunnan Province. Chinese Journal of Grassland , 2003, 25(2): 1-8. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[4]	刘忠宽, 汪诗平, 陈佐忠, 王艳芬, 韩建国. 不同放牧强度草原休牧后土壤养分和植物群落变化特征. 生态学报, 2006, 26(6): 2048-2056. Liu Z K, Wang S P, Chen Z Z, Wang Y F, Han J G. Properties of soil nutrients and plant community after rest grazing in Inner Monglia steppe, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(6): 2048-2056. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[5]	袁福锦, 黄梅芬, 廖祥龙, 吴文荣, 余梅, 李友, 薛世明, 王馨, 李继中. 滇西北高寒地区牧草混播组合的筛选. 草业科学, 2015, 32(12): 2078-2082. Yuan F J, Huang M F, Liao X L, Wu W R, Yu M, Li Y, Xue S M, Wang X, Li J Z. Screening of the pasture mixed sowing combination in Shangrila alpine region of Yunnan. Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(12): 2078-2082. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[6]	单贵莲, 徐柱, 宁发, 焦燕. 围封年限对典型草原植被与土壤特征的影响. 草业学报, 2009, 18(2): 3-10. Shan G L, Xu Z, Ning F, Jiao Y. Influence of seasonal exclosure on plant and soil characteristics in typical steppe. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2009, 18(2): 3-10. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[7]	郑云玲. 封育对典型草原牧草及土壤养分的恢复效应. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古大学, 2008. Zheng Y L. Recovery effects of closed fencing on forages and soil nutrients in typical steppe. Master Thesis. Huhhot: Inner Mongolia University, 2008. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[8]	张春花. 放牧方式和施肥梯度对高寒草甸群落生产力和物种丰富度的影响. 草业科学, 2014, 31(12): 2293-2300. Zhang C H. Effects of grazing and fertilization on community productivity and species richness in eastern alpine meadow of Tibetan Plateau. Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(12): 2293-2300. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[9]	符佩斌, 干友民, 张洪轩, 杨平贵, 郭丽娟, 曾华, 陈立坤, 张雪莲, 薛晶月, 刘焘, 苏剑, 高伟, 洪家平. 施肥对高寒草甸产草量和品质的影响. 草业科学, 2015, 32(7): 1137-1142. Fu P B, Gan Y M, Zhang H X, Yang P G, Guo L J, Zeng H, Chen L K, Zhang X L, Xue J Y, Liu T, Su J, Gao W, Hong J P. Effects of fertilizing on the forage production and quality of alpine grassland . Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(7): 1137-1142. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[10]	何奕忻, 孙庚, 罗鹏, 吴宁. 牲畜粪便对草地生态系统影响的研究进展. 生态学杂志, 2009, 28(2): 332-328. He Y X, Sun G, Luo P, Wu N. Effects of dung deposition on grassland ecosystem: A review. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2009, 28(2): 332-328. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[11]	Williams P H, Haynes R J. Effects of sheep, deer and cattle dung on herbage production and soil nutrient content. Grass and Forage Science, 1995, 50: 263-271. [本文引用:1]
[12]	鲍士旦. 土壤农化分析. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 1999. [本文引用:1]
[13]	董杰. 封育对退化典型草原土壤理化性质和土壤种子库的影响研究. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古农业大学硕士论文, 2007. Dong J. Study on the soil character and soil bank seed bank of fencing on the degenerative typical steppe. Master Thesis. Huhhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2007. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[14]	曹成有, 邵建飞, 蒋德明, 崔振波. 封育对重度退化草地土壤养分和生物活性的影响. 东北大学学报: 自然科学版, 2011, 32(3): 427-430. Cao C Y, Shao J F, Jiang D M, Cui Z B. Effects of fence enclosure on soil nutrients and biological activities in highly degraded grassland s. Journal of Northeastern University: Natural Science Edition, 2011, 32(3): 427-430. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[15]	姜世成, 周道玮. 牛粪堆积对草地影响的研究. 草业学报, 2006, 15(4): 30-35. Jiang S C, Zhou D W. The impact of cattle dung deposition on grassland s in the Songnen grassland . Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2006, 15(4): 30-35. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[16]	孙卫国, 王艳荣, 赵利清, 赵利君. 在典型草原放牧退化过程中土壤环境质量的变化研究. 内蒙古大学学报: 自然科学版. 2006, 37(3): 304-307. Sun W G, Wang Y R, Zhao L Q, Zhao L J. A study on the change of soil environment character in the process of degradation for typical steppe. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis NeiMongol, 2006, 37(3): 304-307. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[17]	邵新庆, 石永红, 韩建国, 王赟文, 王堃. 典型草原自然演替过程中土壤理化性质动态变化. 草地学报, 2008, 16(6): 566-571. Shao X Q, Shi Y H, Han J G, Wang Y W, Wang K. Dynamics of soil physiochemical properties during the natural restoration and succession of typical steppe in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Acta Agrestia Sinca, 2008, 16(6): 566-571. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[18]	Gillard P. Coprophagous beetles in pasture ecosystems. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science, 1967, 33: 30-44. [本文引用:1]
[19]	牟晓明, 于应文, 张红梅, 孙红, 王虎成, 徐长林, 花立民. 牦牛粪对高寒草甸植被群落特征和生态位参数的影响. 草业科学, 2013, 30(10): 1594-1601. Mou X M, Yu Y W, Zhang H M, Sun H, Wang H C, Xu C L, Hua L M. Effects of yak dung deposition on community characteristics and niche parameters in alpine meadow. Pratacultural Science, 2013, 30(10): 1594-1601. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]

1987

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... 在滇西北部海拔2 800-4 500 m处广泛分布着亚高山草甸^[1],它不仅是生态系统的重要组成部分,而且是当地藏族人民发展畜牧业的重要基础^[2],在云南草地畜牧业中占据着重要地位 ...

1997

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2003

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... 长期以来,当地藏族人民习惯在每年的4-9月将牲畜驱赶到海拔3 800-4 100 m的高山牧场放牧,10月以后逐渐将牲畜赶回村寨附近的冬季牧场(海拔3 100-3 400 m),通过轮牧模式避免草地的过度使用^[3] ...

2006

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刘忠宽, 汪诗平, 陈佐忠, 王艳芬, 韩建国. 不同放牧强度草原休牧后土壤养分和植物群落变化特征. 生态学报, 2006, 26(6): 2048-2056.

Liu Z

, Wang S

, Chen Z

, Wang Y

, Han J

Properties of soil nutrients and plant community after rest grazing in Inner Monglia steppe, China.

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(6): 2048-2056. (in Chinese)

The paper study on the soil spatial heterogeneity and plant community properties from different stocking-rate grasslands after 4-year rest grazing in Inner Mongolia steppe. It was indicated: as the conditions of maintaining the homogenization of spatial pattern of soil nutrients and vegetation was disappeared, the spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients and the ratio of random factors were increased after 4-year rest grazing. The spatial heterogeneity of 0.00sheep/hm２ block for soil organic C, total N, inorganic N, available P and S is the largest, and the smallest is 4.00sheep/hm２ block. The other parameters were showed different diversification of soil nutrient came from different testing fields. The biomass and coverage of plant community were increased after 4-year rest grazing, but no significant different for plant community coverage (p>0.05). It was significant different on the biomass of plant community compared with in 1998(p ２ ) was increased respectively, but Potentilla acaulis was decreased after 4-year rest grazing. The biomass, height, coverage and diversity of plant community were took on the positive correlations with the distribution of soil nutrients, however there was only significant different between community biomass, height of plant community and soil organic C, total N, inorganic N, available P and S (p<0.05).

在内蒙古典型草原，对不同放牧率草地休牧3a后的土壤养分空间异质性和植物群落的数量变化特征进行了研究，结果表明：不同放牧率草地休牧3a后，由于维持土壤养分或植被空间格局的匀质化条件消失，土壤养分的空间异质性呈不同程度的增大趋势，随机性因素所占比例增加，其中土壤有机碳、全氮、无机氮、有效磷和有效硫的空间异质性均以0.00羊/hm ２区最大，4.00羊/hm ２区（中牧区）最小，其它样地不同土壤养分指标表现不同的变化特征；群落生物量和群落盖度均表现增加趋势，但群落盖度增加不显著（ p >0.05），与1998年相比，群落生物量除对照区外均达到了显著性差异（ p ２、4.00羊/hm ２和6.67羊/hm ２相比，0.00羊/hm２优势植物出现多样化特征；群落的灌丛化与牧压和恢复演替的时间序列高度相关，牧压越小，恢复演替的时间序列越大，群落灌丛化的趋势越明显；1年生植物、羊草、克氏针茅、木地肤、冷蒿（除6.67羊/hm ２）和扁蓿豆（除0.00羊/hm ２）均表现增加趋势，星毛委陵菜则均表现降低趋势；植物群落的生物量、群落高度、群落盖度和群落物种多样性与土壤养分分布均表现一致的正相关关系，但只有植物群落生物量和群落高度与土壤有机碳、全氮、无机氮、土壤有效磷和有效硫相关显著（p<0.05）。

... 研究表明,草地退化会带来一系列的问题,如土壤养分严重流失,改变了植物种内和种间对土壤养分的竞争模式,从而影响植物群落物种组成及群落动态,最终导致草地生产力下降^[4] ...

2015

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袁福锦, 黄梅芬, 廖祥龙, 吴文荣, 余梅, 李友, 薛世明, 王馨, 李继中. 滇西北高寒地区牧草混播组合的筛选. 草业科学, 2015, 32(12): 2078-2082.

Yuan F

, Huang M

, Liao X

, Wu W

, Yu

, Li

, Xue S

, Wang

, Li J

Screening of the pasture mixed sowing combination in Shangrila alpine region of Yunnan.

Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(12): 2078-2082. (in Chinese)

In order to improve the forage production capacity in Shangri-la alpine region, we carried out mixed sowing combination experiment in Xiaozhongdian Town. The experiment set five mixed sowing combination (A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , A 5 ) using randomized blocks design to measure hay yield and their component in consecutive two year and analyze the nutrient content of mixed sample in the second year. The results showed that A 1 and A 5 hay yield significantly higher than that of A 2 , A 3 and A 4 ( P <0.01); community composition of A 3 , A 1 , A 5 had strong stability with little change between two years; crude protein content of A 2 , A 4 and A 5 was higher (>24%). Based on the performance of three index, A 1 ( Dactylis glomerata cv. Anmba+ Trifolium repens cv. Grasslands huia+ T. pratense ) and A 5 ( D. glomerata cv. Anmba+ Lolium perenne cv. Yatsyn+ T. repens cv. Haifa+ Cichorium intybus cv. Puna) were suitable for sowing application in Shangri-la alpine region.

1.Yunnan Academe of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming 650212, China; 2.Yunnan Agricultural Vocational Technical College, Kunming 650212, China; 3.DiQing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shangri-la 674400, China

为提高香格里拉高寒地区饲草生产能力,在小中甸镇开展了牧草混播组合试验。试验设5个混播组合(A 1 、A 2 、A 3 、A 4 、A 5 ),随机区组设计,连续两年对牧草产量和组分进行测定,第2年取混合样对营养含量进行分析。结果表明,A 1 和A 5 组合牧草产量显著高于A 2 、A 3 和A 4 ( P <0.05);A 3 、A 1 、A 5 年度间群落组分变化不大,稳定性较强;A 2 、A 4 、A 5 的粗蛋白含量较高,均超过24%。3项指标综合考虑,A 1 [安巴鸭茅( Dactylis glomerata cv. Anmba) +草地休衣白三叶( Trifolium repens cv. Grasslands huia)+红三叶( T. pratense )]和A 5 [安巴鸭茅+雅晴多年生黑麦草( Lolium perenne cv. Yatsyn)+海法白三叶( T. repens cv. Haifa)+普纳菊苣( Cichorium intybus cv. Puna)]适宜在香格里拉高寒地区种植应用。

... 为了恢复退化草地,人们引入了封育、施肥及栽培牧草^[5]等改良措施 ...

2009

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单贵莲, 徐柱, 宁发, 焦燕. 围封年限对典型草原植被与土壤特征的影响. 草业学报, 2009, 18(2): 3-10.

Shan G

, Xu

, Ning

, Jiao

Influence of seasonal exclosure on plant and soil characteristics in typical steppe.

Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2009, 18(2): 3-10. (in Chinese)

针对典型草原退化草地恢复与合理利用问题，选取生长季（４－９月）围封收获干草，其他时间轻度放牧利用的天然草地为研究对象，同时选取自由放牧草地为对照，进行不同围封年限草原植物群落与土壤特征的比较研究。结果表明，１）与自由放牧草地相比，重度退化草地采用生长季围封恢复措施后群落地上现存量、盖度、密度、根系生物量、地表凋落物现存量及土壤养分含量显著增加，土壤容重、紧实度及＞０．２５ｍｍ的粗颗粒含量显著降低，群落结构优化，土壤环境改善，植被与土壤间形成一个相互作用的良性循环系统，退化草地正向演替。２）草地在围封恢复过程中若连续多年刈割利用，容易导致生产性能降低，群落盖度与密度下降，草群矮化，土壤养分含量下降，草地发生２次逆行演替。３）季节性围封的管理方式既可保证退化草地在一定程度上得到恢复，也能达到充分利用草地资源的目的。季节性围封在我国牧区是可行方法之一，但适宜的围封季节及围封后的合理利用问题（如合理的割草制度等）有待进一步研究。

... 实践表明,封育提高了草地生物量和土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮等养分含量^[6,7] ...

2008

0.0

... 实践表明,封育提高了草地生物量和土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮等养分含量^[6,7] ...

2014

0.0

张春花. 放牧方式和施肥梯度对高寒草甸群落生产力和物种丰富度的影响. 草业科学, 2014, 31(12): 2293-2300.

Zhang C

Effects of grazing and fertilization on community productivity and species richness in eastern alpine meadow of Tibetan Plateau.

Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(12): 2293-2300. (in Chinese)

The community productivity, species richness and their interaction response to grazing and fertilization were analyzed in eastern alpine meadow of Tibetan Plateau with four nitrogen fertilizer levels and two grazing levels. Fertilization significantly reduced (P<0.001) the species richness and inhibited the growth of forbs group but increased the aboveground biomass and promoted the growth of grasses group, while grazing significantly increased (P<0.001) the species richness and promoted the growth of forbs group but decreased the aboveground biomass and inhibited the growth of grasses group. In the plots with both fertilized and grazed, there was no significant changes for species richness, whereas there were significant reductions (P<0.001) in the fertilized plots without grazing. These results suggested that grazing was the main factor and the effects of fertilization was covered up by the grazing. There was a negative relationship between species richness and community biomass in the plots two only with grazing or fertilization. The moderate nitrogen fertilization can increase community productivity and the ratio of forage without effects on species richness. This management was optimal for loading more stocks to achieve more profits without degradation of grassland which can be applied in the local grassland.ested that moderate fertilization in the grassland of the study site would increase community productivity and have little effect on species richness. The reasonable solution is suitable for generalization in the local pasture.

Gansu Normal University for Nationalities, Hezuo 747000, China

通过比较青藏高原东部高寒草甸植物群落的地上生物量、物种丰富度及其相关关系对两种放牧方式和4种施肥梯度的响应, 分析了放牧方式和施肥梯度对该类草甸群落的影响。结果表明, 放牧显著增加了物种丰富度 (P 0.05), 而在全年封育的所有施肥区, 物种的丰富度均显著下降(P<0.001), 这表明放牧是主效应, 施肥效应被放牧效应所掩盖。在放牧处理或施肥处理下的所有试验小区中, 群落生物量和物种丰富度均呈负相关关系, 且这种负相关程度随着施肥水平增加或封育禁牧而显著增强。本研究还发现在该地区牧场中进行适度的氮肥撒施可以既不影响物种的丰富度, 又能增加群落的生产力, 而且可以提高优质牧草在群落中的比重, 这是一种最佳的群落性能, 能够承载更多的牲畜进而带来更高的经济效益且不会导致当地草原的退化, 适宜在该地区牧场中进行推广。

... 另外,氮肥、三元复合肥可以提高草地的生物量,抑制杂草的生长^[8,9],但在辽阔的草地上,实现大面积的施肥有一定的局限性 ...

2015

0.0

符佩斌, 干友民, 张洪轩, 杨平贵, 郭丽娟, 曾华, 陈立坤, 张雪莲, 薛晶月, 刘焘, 苏剑, 高伟, 洪家平. 施肥对高寒草甸产草量和品质的影响. 草业科学, 2015, 32(7): 1137-1142.

Fu P

, Gan Y

, Zhang H

, Yang P

, Guo L

, Zeng

, Chen L

, Zhang X

, Xue J

, Liu

, Su

, Gao

, Hong J

Effects of fertilizing on the forage production and quality of alpine grassland .

Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(7): 1137-1142. (in Chinese)

Soil fertility declined and weeds invasion was the primary reason which led to grassland production and forage quality decreased in alpine. In order to study the effects of fertilizing in different seasons with different levels on the grassland production and forage quality, a fertilizing experiment with completely randomized blocks design was conducted on the alpine grassland with Elymus sibiricus as dominant species. The results showed that fertilizing in Spring and Spring+Autumn contributed to increase dry matter production of grassland community and Poaceae, and further restrained weeds growth, especially, fertilizing with 225 kg·ha-1 in Spring had most significant effect(P

1.Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; 2.Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu 611700, China; 3.Liangshan Grassland station, Xichang 615000, China; 4.Management department of Jiu Zhaigou landscape and famous scenery place, Jiu Zhaigou 623400, China; 5.Forestry Bureau of Fushun County, Zigong 643200, China

土壤肥力下降和杂类草入侵，是导致高寒草甸产草量和饲草品质降低的主要原因，为探究施肥时间和施肥水平对高寒草甸草产量和草品质的影响，在以老芒麦（Elymus sibiricus）为优势种的高寒草甸上，采用完全随机区组设计进行施肥试验。结果表明，春季和春秋分季施肥有助于提高草地群落和禾本科产量，并抑制杂类草生长，尤其是春季施肥225 kg·hm-2抑制作用最显著（P 0.05）。同时，春秋分季和秋季施肥，可以维持高寒改良草地较高饲草品质。因此，欲获得较高饲草产量和品质，以春秋分季施肥75 kg·hm-2为宜。

... 另外,氮肥、三元复合肥可以提高草地的生物量,抑制杂草的生长^[8,9],但在辽阔的草地上,实现大面积的施肥有一定的局限性 ...

2009

0.0

... 相反,草地上大量散落的家畜粪,尤其是牛粪却没有得到应有的重视,而牛粪含有丰富的有机质、氮、磷、钾等营养元素^[10],其中60%以上的氮、40%~80%的磷可以返还草地^[11] ...

1995

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1999

0.0

... 土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷、速效钾含量的测定方法参考鲍士旦^[12]:有机质采用重铬酸钾容量法测定 ...

2007

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... 就土壤含水量而言,前人发现,退化典型草原封育6 年后,表层土壤的含水量增加^[13],而本研究中土壤含水量的变化并不明显,这可能与草地类型、当地降水量有关 ...

2011

0.0

... 本研究中,封育与牛粪均显著提高了有机质的含量,这与前人的报道相一致^[14,15] ...

2006

0.0

... 本研究中,封育与牛粪均显著提高了有机质的含量,这与前人的报道相一致^[14,15] ...

2006

0.0

... 据孙卫国等^[16]研究,封育后,没有牲畜的直接践踏,草地植物增加,使得土壤中的根系增多,直接改变了土壤的透气透水性 ...

2008

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邵新庆, 石永红, 韩建国, 王赟文, 王堃. 典型草原自然演替过程中土壤理化性质动态变化. 草地学报, 2008, 16(6): 566-571.

Shao X

, Shi Y

, Han J

, Wang Y

, Wang

Dynamics of soil physiochemical properties during the natural restoration and succession of typical steppe in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

Acta Agrestia Sinca, 2008, 16(6): 566-571. (in Chinese)

A field experiment was conducted in a degraded area of typical steppe ecotype in Balinyou Banner,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China to reveal the dynamics of soil physicochemical properties,using a space series method in stead of time course method,during natural restoration and succession after having been removed human activities by fencing.The results show that enclosure greatly affected the soil water content with an increasing trend,especially in surface soil layer 0~5 cm.During the self-organization restoration of typical steppe community,organic matter,total N,available N,and available K increased significantly( P P -3 and 1.25 g·cm -3 after 6 year and 10 year restoration,respectively,and was significantly lower in comparison with the early restoration stage( P <0.05).

1. Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; 2. Institute of Animal Science, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030032, China

以内蒙古巴林右旗退化典型草原为研究对象,采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,探讨围封条件下,退化典型草原自然恢复过程中土壤物理性质及养分的动态变化。结果表明:围封对典型草原土壤含水量产生深刻影响,土壤水分含量呈增加趋势,增加最明显的是土壤表层0~5 cm;典型草原群落自然恢复过程中,土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效钾增加极显著( P P P <0.05)。

... 另外,有机质分解后会形成大量的有机酸、酚类物质和无机酸,这些物质能加速难溶性磷和钾转化为速效磷和速效钾,从而改变速效磷、速效钾含量^[17] ...

1967

0.0

... 当牛粪分解速度和破碎化缓慢时,养分被束缚在牛粪中,使得氮素丧失和养分周转率降低,从而有利于植物对养分的吸收和利用^[18] ...

2013

0.0

牟晓明, 于应文, 张红梅, 孙红, 王虎成, 徐长林, 花立民. 牦牛粪对高寒草甸植被群落特征和生态位参数的影响. 草业科学, 2013, 30(10): 1594-1601.

Mou X

, Yu Y

, Zhang H

, Sun

, Wang H

, Xu C

, Hua L

Effects of yak dung deposition on community characteristics and niche parameters in alpine meadow.

Pratacultural Science, 2013, 30(10): 1594-1601. (in Chinese)

To provide foundation for researches on vegetation succession and mechanism of heterogeneity formation in alpine meadow, changes of vegetation composition, forage nutrients, plant importance value, plant niche breadth and plant niche overlap in Tibet Plateau alpine meadow with yak dung depositing were quantitative analyzed in this study. The results showed that, yak dung deposition significantly increased herbage biomass, green matter weight, plant height, coverage and K content of herbage, but had no significant influence on dead matter biomass and number of species. For dominant species, yak dung deposition decreased importance values of Stipa purpurea, Koeleria cristatav and Kobresia humilis , increased niche breadth values of these three species, and increased importance values of K.capillifolia and Agropyron cristatum . So yak dung deposition made these dominant species become to generalization species. For accompanying species, yak dung deposition decreased importance value of S.aliena , increased importance vale of S.krylovii , and decreased importance value and niche breadth value of Polygonum viviparum . For few species, yak dung deposition increased niche breadth values of Elymus nutans, Aremisia Smithii, A. capillaries, A. frigida, Allium sikkimense and Stellera chamaejasme . Beside, yak dung increased the whole niche overlap value of plants, increased species pairs, whose overlap values were >0.85, by increased 13.8%, while decreased species pairs, whose overlap values were<0.45, by 42.9%. In a word, yak dung deposition increased the proportion of grasses, and promoted the meadow transformation from sedge+grasses community to grasses community or grasses+sedges community.

1.State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; 2.College of Pratacultural Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

本研究定量分析了青藏高原高寒草甸牦牛粪斑与对照处植被构成、牧草养分、植物种重要值、生态位宽度和生态位重叠值的变化,为高寒草甸植被演替和异质性形成机制的揭示提供科学依据。结果表明,牦牛粪沉积增加植物总生物量和活体质量,使草层高度、盖度和牧草K含量增加,而对死物质质量和物种数无影响。粪沉积降低优势植物紫花针茅( Stipa purpurea)、艹洽草(Koeleria cristata)和矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)的重要值,增加其生态位宽度,并提高线叶嵩草(Kobresia capillifolia)和扁穗冰草(Agropyron cristatum)的重要值,使优势种植物更倾向于泛化种。粪沉积使伴生种异针茅(S.aliena)的重要值降低,西北针茅(S.krylovii)的重要值增加,珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum)的重要值和生态位宽度均降低,使少量种垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)、球花蒿(Artemsia pratensis)、茵陈蒿(A.capillaries)、冷蒿(A.frigida)、高山韭(Allium sikkimense)和狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme )的生态位宽度增加。粪沉积使草地植物的整体生态位重叠值增大,使生态位重叠值>0.85的种对增加13.8%,生态位重叠值<0.45的种对降低42.9%。总之,粪沉积使草地禾草比例增加,促进高寒草甸草地由莎草+禾草群落向禾草群落或禾草+莎草群落转化。

... 当然,牛粪滞留在草地上也有不利之处,例如牛粪沉积初期对草地植物具窒息效应,待牛粪逐渐分解为细碎颗粒后,不利的方面才会降低^[19] ...